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The Divine Command Theory For Moral Guidance - 1957 Words

For centuries people have contemplated what makes actions morally right or wrong. They have searched for some fundamental moral principle that can be applied to every moral dilemma. From these efforts various theories of morality have been developed, all of which have their own successes and shortcomings. Many religious believers look to the Divine Command Theory for moral guidance. This theory states that if God commands you to do act A, then it is your moral obligation to do A. An issue with the divine command theory is that it suggests that God could have chosen to make killing morally right and helping other wrong which is against our deep moral convictions. Another theory is Act Consequentialism, which states that you ought to act in a way that produces the most optimific (greatest balance of benefits to drawbacks) results. By Act Consequentialism the method to making the right moral decision is to determine what is intrinsically good/bad and what the options for acting are, the n choose the act that yields the best consequences. There are several situations in which the optimific act is unjust (i.e. harvesting ones organs to save multiple people). In trying to correct this issue Rule Consequentialism was developed, which states that an action is morally right if and only if the actions accords with optimific rules. This theory often leads to favoring rules over the good or faces similar issues as Act Consequentialism. The Kantian perspective helps to deal with theShow MoreRelatedThe Divine Command Theory ( Dct )1448 Words   |  6 Pages A shift in philosophy from a relativist point of view to a moral perspective brought about several new revolutionary ideas. One particular theory that is hotly debated is the divine command theory (DCT). This controversial idea essentially says that God is the boss. It proposes that God decides what is moral and good, and therefore how we should be acting. It is a relationship between two claims, one of which God commands , and as a result the other is what is right. Many people and philosophersRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Divine Command Theory914 Words   |  4 PagesRachels describes the Divine Command theory as weak because it makes morality mysterious. According to the Divine Command Theory, nothing is good nor bad, unless God’s thinking makes it so. For example, child abuse. Child abuse is wrong, but according to this theory, it is neither right nor wrong (because the God’s have not commanded it so). If the God’s were to command that child abuse was right, this still does not make child abuse right, so therefore this theory is untenable and makes us furtherRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory, And Natural Law Theory1369 Words   |  6 Pagesidea of objective morality on the assumption that some moral ideals are universal and should be the moral responsibility of everyone. Subjective moralists counter this argument by explaining that each moral decision is independent bec ause each moral situation is unique to its own conditions. Ultimately, these two views shape the nature of moral philosophy and theology, each describing the different natures of morality (Hammond). These two theories have a large impact on the thinking process of humansRead MoreDivine Command Theory And Natural Law Theory948 Words   |  4 Pagesundeniable, these age old systems of belief and worship of a higher being or deity were, in a sense, their own moral systems, two of which are Divine Command Theory and Natural Law Theory. These two systems, among others, once guided and advised ancient humans in moral judgements. Divine Command Theory is a proposed relationship between moral correctness and the higher deity’s commands, henceforth the deity will be called god. This situation is elaborated upon in a dialogue between Socrates andRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Divine Command Theory1488 Words   |  6 PagesIs the churches moral teaching of value only to Catholics or to everyone, and either way, why? Christian morality is centered on assessing the ethical implications of us as people. Who we ought and be, and what actions we ought to take or avoid based on an understanding of the scripture and relevant human experiences. I do not subscribe to the divine command theory (DCT) of ethics, as I believe you can have ethics without God. The DCT proposes that what is morally right is what God has commandedRead MoreIn James Rachels’ Book, The Element Of Moral Philosophy,858 Words   |  4 PagesElement of Moral Philosophy, he made interesting point in the fourth chapter. He points out the similarities and differences between morality and religion. Mostly, when thought about morals, religion is mention. Religion is almost all about morals. Directing what is wrong and right. Divine Command Theory is morality relationship between God (gods) and the people. God (gods) orders the meaning of good and the bad. People need to follow the rules to receive blessings from their creator. The T heory of NaturalRead MoreMagistrates of Morality: How the Euthyphro Dilemma Cripples Divine Command Theory1654 Words   |  7 Pagesone is to follow in order to live as a good, moral being. When a deity (or a group of deities) commands followers to abide by specific moral standards though a vehicle such as prophets, religious texts or otherwise, this is called Divine Command Theory (DCT). Those who accept this theory believe that moral action coincides with what has been ordered by the deities, and immoral action would occur when one deviates from these orders. Despite this theory remaining relevant into the twenty-first centuryRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Existence Of God1470 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most prevalent arguments for the existence of God is the moral argument. It states that God alone makes sense of moral values, and since moral values exist, then God exists. A great number of people nowadays, including atheists and agnostics, trust in moral values. However, they do not agree with the Christian answer to provide a basis for those values. For many years homosexuality has been a debate over acceptance but has been for the most part considered an immoral act based on religiousRead MoreDivine Command Theory, Deontology, And Virtue Ethics1618 Words   |  7 Pagesethical questions which we encounter. That being, divine command theory, utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics all provide adequate insight to everyday morality. There are flaws and strengths to each and every one of these concepts. However, divine command theory proves to provide the most requisite intellect with minute disfigurement. Divine command theory offers a chance at a purposeful reason to undertake morality with the right manor. This theory also represents a constant state of rules thatRead MoreEssay 11280 Words   |  6 Pagesa favor by lowering the margin of error, which can be actually the case here in Crito. And with Socrates having the resources to escape a nd him, also being innocent may fit the standards to which one can escape. But of course, this theory has a flaw. First, this theory would suspect that all prisoners are honest and truthful to themselves that they can only escape if they are actually innocent, even if they do have the means to escape. Another is if you value your virtue and principle as much as Socrates

The Family Members’ Experience of Care

Questions: It is a written assignment on qualitative research design on the topic: "What is to be like a family member of disabled child in society?" 1. Identify whether the planned study would be underpinned by an interpretive, critical or post-modern perspective. 2. Provide a justification and critique of the methodological approach you have selected in relation to the question/problem. 3. Discuss how the theoretical and philosophical underpinnings of the methodology would guide the research study. Answers: Introduction This research proposal exhibits the skills and expertise of the author in terms of utilizing qualitative exploratory research approaches in rationally undertaking prospective research study in the context of analyzing facts regarding the research question. The framework of the research design requires configuration with the effective utilization of interpretive phenomenological methodology for evaluating the practical experiences of a family member while providing regular assistance to a disabled child. The identification of the methodological strategy for the research study will require critical analysis and evidence-based justification from the academic literature. The theoretical and philosophical justification of the selected methodology will require discussion to emphasize the uniqueness of chosen research approaches in comparison to other evidence-based strategies presented in the academic literature. The discussion of the study methods and summary of the research design (in co nclusion) will necessarily incorporate in this research proposal for further consideration. The research study will require qualitative (exploratory) research design in terms of organizing semi-structured interviews with the family members of disabled children across various geographical locations. The interviews with the family members of disabled children require execution across a friendly environment and while distributing questionnaires in a specified format while allowing the family members to share their experiences, perspectives, contentions and feelings while assisting the disabled children in terms of accomplishing their requirements of daily living and providing them personal care on a routinely basis. This exploratory research study might prove to be a significant tool in terms of enhancing the quality of life of the disabled children while enhancing the awareness level of their caretakers for effectively mitigating the physical, emotional and psychosocial restrictions of the affected children across the community environment. The limitations in terms of selecti ng the family members of the children affected with any particular deformity and obtaining the desirable sample size might influence the authenticity of the findings of the prospective research study. Identification and Justification of Selected Study and Methodology The care taking of a child affected with birth defect extends serious implications on the entire family members (Lemacks, Fowles, Mateus, Thomas, 2013). The state of depression and grief experienced by the family members of the disabled children adversely influence their quality of life that resultantly degrades the health patterns and wellness outcomes of the affected children across the community environment. Therefore, parents of disabled children necessarily require practicing effective coping strategies for assisting their disable children in overcoming their individualized challenges and accomplishing their care requirements. Research study by (Wei Yu, 2012) indicates the increased pattern of divorce among the parents of the children affected with emotional disabilities. However, the mothers of children affected with secondary disabilities experienced unemployment and subsequent financial crisis. This rationally indicates that different types of disabilities among children ex tend variable implications on the lives of their caretakers across the community environment. Research findings by (Woodgate, Edwards, Ripat, Rempel, Johnson, 2016) reveal limited knowledge of researchers in terms of evaluating the experiences of siblings of disabled children with complex care requirements. Indeed, understanding the experiences and feelings of the siblings of disabled children might provide a significant insight to the academicians, nurses and clinicians in terms of promoting their participation in the care of the affected children. Research findings by (Sola-Carmona, Lopez-Liria, Padilla-Gongora, Daza, Aguilar-Parra, 2016) reveal the elevated interest of the research community in terms of evaluating the repercussions of the psychosocial as well as physical abnormalities of children on the well-being of their family members across the community environment. The family members of the children affected with pattern of blindness remain predisposed in terms of experiencing psychosocial variations leading to positive or negative effects in their lives across the community environment. These experiences profoundly influence the patterns of care and assistance of disabled children across the residential settings. The family members of the disabled children require overcoming the adverse influence of the challenges that they face while care taking their disabled children in the context of elevating their self-dependence and autonomy while following the rehabilitative interventions. Evidence-based research literature emphasizes the requirement of evaluating the rate of satisfaction, anxiety levels, mental well-being and employment status of the family members that remain consistently engaged in extending care and assistance to their disabled children across the residential settings (Sola-Carmona, Lopez-Liria, Padilla-Gongora, Daza, Aguilar-Parra, 2016). The subjective interpretation of these experiences can provide additional insight to the healthcare practitioners in terms of elevating the capacity and awareness levels of family members for reducing the frequency of dependence of disabled children across the home care environment. Research findings by (Ã… ¾imek, Ta, Karabulut, 2015) indicate the pattern of social isolation experienced by the families of the psychologically or physically disabled children in the context of their financial constraints, lack of quality time and stigmatization across the community environment. These manifestations predominantly influence the quality of care for disabled children and their prospective development as well as wellness outcomes. Therefore, tracking the experiences of the family members of the disabled children is highly necessary in the context of devising evidence-based mitigating strategies for effectively utilizing their assistance in reducing the intensity of chronic disabilities of the affected children. Evidence-based research literature indicates the challenges faced by the family members of the disabled children in terms of their lack of awareness regarding the service options for dealing with the disability of their wards (Carter Thomas, 2011). These challe nges further include the difficult accessibility to the healthcare facilities of the family members of the disabled children and their insufficient knowledge regarding the clinical interventions required for dealing with the difficult circumstances in relation to their childrens disabilities. The root cause of these experiences and corresponding mitigating strategies require further exploration through prospective research studies in the context of improving the living standard and happiness patterns of the families that extend care and assistance to the disabled children. Family members of the children affected with various disabilities consistently experience the psychosocial load (Sadati, et al., 2015). The research findings reveal that mothers of disabled children remain as the most marginalized individuals across the community environment. Therefore, these mothers experience the pattern of depression and mental distress that adversely influences the care of their children leading to the destabilization of their families. Therefore, evaluation of this marginalization of mothers of disabled children highly necessary in the context of developing strategic interventions for improving their experience with the disabled children and subsequent elevation of their psychosocial as well as mental health patterns. Evidence-based findings by (Allard, et al., 2014) reveal the requirement of inclusion of family members of the children affected with neuro-disability in their medical decision making for elevating their wellness outcomes. For example, family membe rs of the neurologically disabled children can closely monitor their mobility patterns and share the findings with healthcare professionals in the context of facilitating the configuration of assistive interventions for elevating the self-sufficiency of the affected children across the community environment. Furthermore, the family members of the disabled children can very well identify their emotional as well as social well-being and these findings assist the clinicians in configuring community-based interventions for improving the health status of the affected children. These evidence-based findings further emphasize the requirement of conducting exploratory studies for evaluating the positive and negative experiences of the family members of the disabled children for effectively utilizing them in the context of increasing the patterns of their self-dependence. The research study by (Blackburn, Spencer, Read, 2010) reveals the significance of conducting the survey in terms of accomplishing family resources questionnaire to evaluate the adverse manifestations experienced by children affected with patterns of disability across the community environment. The family members of the disabled children prove to be the only caretakers having the privilege to observe and identify the adverse manifestations of their childrens disabilities. Therefore, tracking the experiences of family members of disabled children through exploratory research studies is of paramount importance for identifying the individualized challenges experienced by them in relation to their physical as well as psychosocial abnormalities. Evidence-based research literature specifies the effectiveness of conducting studies while interviewing the family members of the children affected with autism, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy and sickle cell anemia in the context of determining th eir responses to the patterns of ableism across the community environment (Neely-Barnes, Graff, Roberts, Hall, Hankins, 2010). The findings of similar studies advocate the requirement of empowerment of family members of the affected children in terms of responding to the social biasing against them for brining the social change in relation to improving the quality of life of the disabled children. These studies further reveal the significance of conducting semi-structured interview sessions with the family members of disabled children in various groups for determining the social challenges that they face while extending care and assistance to the affected children. The clinical study by (Muga, 2003) evaluates the awareness patterns of the caregivers of the disabled children while interviewing them through ten questions in the context of evaluating their knowledge regarding behavioural orientation of their wards under the influence of their chronic as well as congenital disease conditions. Effective enhancement of these awareness patterns, significantly required for improving the care strategies for the children affected with patterns of seizures as well as various ophthalmic and mental conditions. Therefore requirement of exploration of the experiences and knowledge of family members (i.e. caregivers) of the disabled children justified with these evidence-based findings for effective enhancement of their wellness outcomes. Evidence-based research literature reveals the significance of conducting surveys through focused groups in relation to evaluating the psychosocial profile of the disabled children and mental and social status of their family members across the community environment (HSDR, 2014). The research survey by (Resch, et al., 2010) utilized focussed groups to identify the themes in terms of potential barriers to the establishment of health and well-being of the parents of children affected with various psychosocial as well as somatic disabilities. These barriers attribute to the inaccessibility of services and information, economic constraints, and support by community, school as well as other family members in terms of accomplishing the individualized requirements of the affected children. Prospective exploratory research studies are necessarily required for the further evaluation and analysis of these themes in the context of improving the caring experience of the family members and the effective enhancement of wellness outcomes of the disabled children. Customizable interview sessions with the disabled children and their families offer great advantage in terms of evaluating their experiences with the objective of configuring assistive care strategies for the affected children (Teachman Gibson, 2013). The findings of the research study by (Hall, et al., 2012) advocate the significance of conducting focused group sessions with the family members of the disabled children in the context of identifying their stress levels with the effective utilization of various behavioural mechanisms. Indeed, this research study also proved effective in analyzing the patterns of problem solving skills and coping strategies utilized by the caretakers of disabled children in the context of elevating their wellness outcomes. These research outcomes provide further insight in terms of analyzing the significance of conducting exploratory interview sessions with the family members of disabled children for effectively utilizing their experience in the enhanc ement of wellness patterns of the affected children across the community environment. The exploratory research study by (Sharkey, et al., 2016) utilized the focused groups mechanism for conducting interview sessions with the parents of the disabled children in the context of evaluating the possible communication barriers to the identification of their healthcare priorities. The findings of the research study reveal the significance of parental intervention and experience with their disabled children in terms of establishing their positive communication with the healthcare providers to facilitate their health outcomes across the community environment. The semi structured interview sessions with the families of the internationally adopted children conducted by (Lesens, et al., 2012) reveal the requirement of exploring the history of the family members and their patterns of attachment with the adopted children to facilitate the pace of their care and development and mitigation of their healthcare challenges and psychosocial disabilities. Indeed, the exploratory interview sessions prove to be highly significant in subjectively evaluating the relationship patterns and behaviour of the parents of children affected with various psychosomatic disabilities. These behavioural themes significantly assist the healthcare practitioners in terms of devising evidence-based strategies for enhancing the patterns of independence, autonomy and self-sufficiency among the disabled children. Evidence-based research literature advocates the contention related to the extension of semi-structured interview sessions and workshop questionnaires for effectively mitigating the state of anxiety of their family members while extending care and assistance to their children affected with feeding problems under the influence of their patterns of cerebral palsy (Hettiarachchi Kitnasamy, 2013). Therefore, various research studies advocate the contention related to the requirement of evaluating the experiences of the family members of the disabled children in exploring their health care challenges and individualized requirements in the context of elevating their quality of life and improvement of wellness outcomes. Furthermore, the qualitative research methodology related to the organization of semi-structured interview sessions profoundly assists the medical professionals in evaluating the experiences of caregivers to their disabled children, as evidenced by a range of exploratory studies documented in the research literature. Therefore, the present research proposal regarding the evaluation of family members experience of care of their disabled children justified in the light of the facts prescribed in evidence-based research literature. Sampling and Recruitment Strategies The effective utilization of mixed-methods and data-linked strategies offers great advantage for systematically sampling the research information in the context of obtaining the desirable outcomes (Schatz, 2012). The semi-structured research techniques provide privilege to the interviewers in terms of analyzing the details of the experiences, beliefs and perceptions of the interviewed subjects for their effective utilization in the statistical analysis in accordance with the study conventions. Furthermore, organization of interview sessions through skilful questioning by the nurse professionals assists in gathering significant information from the patients (Holloway Wheeler, 2010). Therefore, sampling techniques in the present research study will follow the pattern of semi-structured interviews while incorporating skilful questioning strategies for systematically capturing the experiences and behavioural patterns of the family members of the disabled children in accordance with the study requirement. However, the recruitment of study subjects will follow the criteria of registering family members of the children affected with a wide range of chronic psychosocial and somatic abnormalities. The sample size for the research study will attribute to the enrolment of the family members of 450 disabled children from the community environment. The recruitment of the research participants will not vary in accordance with their age patterns or psychosocial profile; however, the selection of the caretakers of the children affected with serious and debilitating congenital conditions preferred in accordance with the study protocol. Data collection methods The research findings by (Haig, 2015) emphasize the systematic utilization of questionnaires in qualitative research studies for collecting the research data in accordance with the study conventions. The present research study will utilize the semi-structured interview sessions with the assistance of systematic questionnaires for evaluating the experiences, challenges and beliefs of the family members of the children affected with various debilitating disabilities. Evidence-based research literature advocates the significance of conducting semi-structured interview sessions with the utilization of open-ended standardized questions for receiving unbiased responses from the research subjects (Brdart, Marrel, Abetz-Webb, Lasch, Acquadro, 2014). These semi-structured sessions prove to generate the outcomes measures validated by the responses received from the research subjects on the study questionnaires. Furthermore, semi-structured sessions provide privilege to the subjective interpre tation of the responses of the research subjects for appropriately evaluating the retrieved information in the context of retaining precision in the research findings. The present research study will utilize the same convention for recording the data in terms of responses of the family members of the disabled children. Data management PPA (Privacy-Preserving Analytics) demonstrator proves to be highly effective in terms of effectively managing the confidential data received from various exploratory studies across the R software through web-interface (Sparks, et al., 2008). The present research study will employ similar data management software in the context of safeguarding the confidential research data from theft or accidental leakage. The data management strategies for the present research study will also take into account the systematic retrieval of the recorded information for its strategic analysis through the statistical intervention. SPSS software will also require utilization for the present research study in relation to precisely generating the statistical evidence from the incorporated information. Data analysis Visual mining strategy proves to be highly effective for systematically analyzing the exploratory data obtained from qualitative research studies (Huang, et al., 2015). The similar divide and conquer approach requires utilization in the present research study for systematically segregating the received data into uniform subsets requiring visual evaluation, refinement and comparative analysis. Ethical considerations Institutional ethics committees offer great advantage in terms of obtaining their ethical approval for conducting various research studies while safeguarding the health, wellness and dignity of the enrolled subjects (Kuyare, Taur, Thatte, 2014). The present research study also intends to obtain ethical approval from the concerned ethic committee prior to enrolling the research candidates in accordance with the specified conventions. The research study will also take into consideration that each research participants must sign the informed consent form at his/her own will after thoroughly understanding the study protocols. The researchers will monitor the stress levels of the candidates while interviewing them and instantly cease the interview session in case of recording of patterns of psychological stress among the study subjects during the interview sessions. The protocols of the proposed research study will allow the participants to exit the study at any point of time at their ow n will without specifying any reason. The interview sessions will require organization in a friendly environment in the context of encouraging the research participants in sharing their contentions and experiences in an unbiased manner and without any compulsion. Furthermore, the recruitment of research subjects should remain unbiased and evidence-based strategies require execution to minimize any psychosocial or physical harm to the enrolled subjects during the execution of the research study. The confidentiality of the personal information of the research subjects requires prioritization by the researchers and strategies to ascertain the safety of confidential information requires effective implementation during the course of study execution. Rigour Validity Systematic utilization of variable data collection methods, variation in sampling strategies and execution of peer checks prove to be highly significant for elevating the rigor of the important research data. The proposed research study will effectively utilize similar conventions for retaining the precision of the research data received from the semi-structured interviews. The utilization of evidence-based sampling conventions and data analysis techniques will facilitate the generation of study results with minimal standard deviation. The systematic sampling approaches attributing to mixed-methods and data-linked strategies will necessarily ensure the validity of the research findings in terms of their further utilization in prospective research studies for evaluating the role and contribution of family members of the disabled children in facilitating their psycho-socio-somatic enhancement. Conclusion This research proposal significantly emphasizes the requirement of conducting an exploratory study in relation to evaluating the experiences of the family members of the disabled children for enhancing their health and wellness outcomes. Evidence-based research literature indicates the significance of organizing qualitative studies with the effective utilization of semi-structured interview approaches for systematically tracking the experiences of the family members of the disabled children with the core objective of devising strategies for elevating the quality of care and therapy for the affected children. The rationally of the proposed study justified with the evidence-based literature; however, limited conclusive information available for understanding the appropriate utilization of the experiences of family members of the disabled children in terms of configuring their care strategies across the residential settings. Partnership of healthcare professionals with the family member s of disabled children is highly necessary for improving their wellness outcomes and therefore, the proposed study requires execution for tracking the relationship patterns of the family members with their disabled children across the community environment. The proposed research study might experience limitations in terms of enrolling the research subjects and subjectively tracking their responses; however, the study bears the potential of providing considerable insight in relation to the utilization of experiences of caretakers of the disabled children while configuring care strategies for them across the residential settings. The systematic utilization of evidence-based research methods in the proposed study will considerably elevate its rigour, validity and authenticity across the research community and resultantly the findings of the study might require incorporation in similar prospective studies for consistently supporting the generation of disabled children across the communi ty environment. References Allard, A., Fellowes, A., Shilling, V., Janssens, A., Beresford, B., Morris, C. (2014). Key health outcomes for children and young people with neurodisability: qualitative research with young people and parents. BMJ Open, 4(4). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004611 Blackburn, C. M., Spencer, N. J., Read, J. M. (2010). Prevalence of childhood disability and the characteristics and circumstances of disabled children in the UK: secondary analysis of the Family Resources Survey. BMC Pediatrics, 10(21). doi:10.1186/1471-2431-10-21 Brdart, A., Marrel, A., Abetz-Webb, L., Lasch, K., Acquadro, C. (2014). Interviewing to develop Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO) measures for clinical research: eliciting patients experience. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 12(15). doi:10.1186/1477-7525-12-15 Carter, B., Thomas, M. (2011). Key Working for Families with Young Disabled Children. Nursing Research and Practice. doi:10.1155/2011/397258 Haig, B. D. (2015). Commentary: Exploratory data analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01247 Hall, H. R., Neely-Barnes, S. L., Graff, J. C., Krcek, T. E., Roberts, R. J., Hankins, J. S. (2012). Parental stress in families of children with a genetic disorder/disability and the resiliency model of family stress, adjustment, and adaptation. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 35(1), 24-44. doi:10.3109/01460862.2012.646479 Hettiarachchi, S., Kitnasamy, G. (2013). Effect of an Experiential Dysphagia Workshop on Caregivers Knowledge, Confidence, Anxiety and Behaviour During Mealtimes. DCID, 24(3). Holloway, I., Wheeler, S. (2010). Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare (3rd ed.). USA: Wiley-Blackwell. HSDR. (2014). Qualitative research with children and young people affected by neurodisability, and parents. In Informing the NHS Outcomes Framework: evaluating meaningful health outcomes for children with neurodisability using multiple methods including systematic review, qualitative research, Delphi survey and consensus meeting. UK: NIHR. Huang, C. W., Lu, R., Iqbal, U., Lin, S. H., Nguyen, P. A., Yang, H. C., . . . Jian, W. S. (2015). A richly interactive exploratory data analysis and visualization tool using electronic medical records. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 15(92). doi:10.1186/s12911-015-0218-7 Resch, J. A., Mireles, G., Benz, M. R., Grenwelge, C., Peterson, R., Zhang, D. (2010). Giving parents a voice: A qualitative study of the challenges experienced by parents of children with disabilities. Rehabilitation Psychology, 139-150. doi:10.1037/a0019473 Sadati, A. K., Salehzade, H., Hemmati, S., Darvish, M., Heydari, S. T., Tabrizi, R. (2015). The Causal Factors Associated with the Loving Care of the Mothers of Children with Multiple Disabilities. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 309-317. Schatz, E. (2012). Rationale and procedures for nesting semi-structured interviews in surveys or censuses. Population Studies, 183-195. doi:10.1080/00324728.2012.658851 Sharkey, S., Lloyd, C., Tomlinson, R., Thomas, E., Martin, A., Logan, S., Morris, C. (2016). Communicating with disabled children when inpatients: barriers and facilitators identified by parents and professionals in a qualitative study. Health Expectations: An International Journal of Public Participation in Healthcare and Health Policy, 738-50. doi:10.1111/hex.12254 Ã… ¾imek, T. T., Ta, M., Karabulut, D. (2015). Desire to have other children in families with a chronically disabled child and its effect on the relationship of the parents. Turkish Archives of Pediatrics, 50(3), 163-169. doi:10.5152/TurkPediatriArs.2015.2795 Sola-Carmona, J. J., Lopez-Liria, R., Padilla-Gongora, D., Daza, M. T., Aguilar-Parra, J. M. (2016). Subjective Psychological Well-Being in Families with Blind Children: How Can We Improve It? Frontiers in Psychology. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00487 Sparks, R., Carter, C., Donnelly, J. B., O'Keefe, C. M., Duncan, J., Keighley, T., McAullay, D. (2008). Remote access methods for exploratory data analysis and statistical modelling: Privacy-Preserving Analytics. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 91(3), 208-222. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2008.04.001 Teachman, G., Gibson, B. E. (2013). Children and youth with disabilities: innovative methods for single qualitative interviews. Qualitative Health Research, 264-74. doi:10.1177/1049732312468063 Wei, X., Yu, J. W. (2012). The concurrent and longitudinal effects of child disability types and health on family experiences. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 100-108. doi:10.1007/s10995-010-0711-7 Woodgate, R. L., Edwards, M., Ripat, J. D., Rempel, G., Johnson, S. F. (2016). Siblings of children with complex care needs: their perspectives and experiences of participating in everyday life. Child Care, Health and Development. doi:10.1111/cch.12345.

6 Elements of an Epic Poem Flashcard

6 Elements of an Epic Poem

The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (Thurber) and Im Going (Bernard)

The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (Thurber) and Im Going (Bernard) Introduction â€Å"I’m Going† and â€Å"The secret life of Walter Mitty† are two masterpieces that revolve around individuals who hope, but are unable, to fulfill their wishes.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (Thurber) and I’m Going (Bernard) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authors recount the stories in a rather humorous way by enlisting unrealistic characters. The protagonists of the stories are unable to make decisions; they can only make tales about their lives. The two stories chronicle undecided couples who have dreams, but they cannot, or not willing, to work towards achieving their dreams. Consequently, their dreams remain fantasies and the aspect of escapism creeps in slowly into the lives of these surrealistic couples. However, there is a difference in how the stories have been narrated; for instance, â€Å"I’m Going† revolves around a real life whereby, a couple is unable to reach consensus on almost all life issues and thus keep blaming each other for not making efforts. On the other hand, â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† revolves around a man, who is uncomfortable with his life and thus, keeps on escaping to a world of fantasy. Comparisons The similarities of the two stories lie in the fact that, they revolve around married men with the desire to satisfy their wives’ emotional needs.Advertising Looking for critical writing on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, they are faced with the challenge of not having the means to achieve their desires due to their economic situations. On top of their need to fulfill their individual needs, they realize that they have responsibilities, especially their wives who need their attention too (Bernard, 1915, p. 16). It becomes quite hard for the m to balance between what they desire to do individually, and at the same time, be the men that their wives want then to be. In â€Å"I’m Going†, Henry engages in humorous conversation with his wife; they seem to have opposing interests in life. In their effort to get something that will interest both of them, they realize that they cannot feel comfortable with each other. There is a desire for both of them to be on their own, just to feel fulfilled, yet they cannot realize the desire because they need each other’s company. In â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty†, Walter desires to have a specified lifestyle for his family, but that desire is beyond his capability (Yates, 1974, p.165). Therefore, he resolves into an imaginary world with the hope that it will help in making him feel respected. There is also a similarity in the outcome of the lives of the two men where they end up not satisfying their desires. The fantasy life of Mitty never happens, as h e never works towards realizing his dreams. He keeps thinking that what he wants and desires will be fulfilled simply by escaping his current situation. In the process of wanting to satisfy his needs and the needs of his wife, he ends up being a nuisance and even hurting her in the process.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (Thurber) and I’m Going (Bernard) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His wife becomes impatient of his fantasies that are contrary to the life they are living (Clugston, 2010, p. 26). On the other hand, the desire for Henry to satisfy the needs of Jeanne ends up in frustrations. His inability to make up his mind on what he wants disgusts his wife to a point where she contemplates leaving. Even though the couple thinks they will be better if they gave each other space, they realize that they need each other for companionship. The characters in both sto ries are victims of their environment or past experiences. In â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty†, Walter’s fantasies revolve around his environment and his wishes. For instance, before he daydreamed about the navy hydroplane, his wife had complained of him driving so fast. Secondly, just before he daydreamed about being a surgeon, he had just put on surgical gloves and was driving past the hospital. His fantasy about the courtroom drama preceded the shout of a newspaper carrier. The fourth fantasy happens when Mitty, in the process of waiting for his wife, is reading literature with the topic of Germany conquering the world. Finally, his last daydream of the firing-squad scene happened when he was smoking. Consequently, when the reader considers the life of Henry and Jeanne, in â€Å"I’m Going†, their lives are based on their interests and hobbies. Their unwillingness to be together is simply because Henry feels he will enjoy more when he goes for hor se racing alone, rather than when he is with Jeanne.Advertising Looking for critical writing on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, Jeanne confesses that she enjoys going for a walk alone. Such experiences are mainly the basis on which the story revolves, and they are unable to reach a compromise and agree on what both will be pleased. Contrast Despite the similarities, there are numerous differences considering the setting and the plot of the two stories. â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† is more of a monologue where the couples are not active in the entire scenario. Mrs. Mitty is not aware of what is running through her husband’s life and has remarkably little idea that he is fantasizing. The outcome of life they share makes Mitty escape into a secret life, which the wife cannot participate. On the other hand, â€Å"I’m Going† involves two active participants who are free and sincere about their feelings. They share their fears and anxieties and confess their weaknesses. Compared to Mitty where he would rather hide his wishes from his wife and simply imagine, Henry confesses to Jeanne that he cannot go with her to the races because he will have to pay more, and fail to enjoy himself (Bernard, 1915, p. 20). The suggestion for them to take a walk, instead of going to the races, is also met with a sincere confession from Jeanne that she will not feel comfortable walking with Henry. The story of â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† displays many scenarios that make up the ultimate scene; the author takes the audience through different scenarios with different settings to bring out his point. On the other hand, â€Å"I’m Going† involves a couple in a similar setting. Even though they pick events from different scenes, the plot of their story does not change. It takes place in their house from the beginning to the end. As Tobias (1969) observes, â€Å"The Secret Life of Mitty† is mainly composed of fantasies, which is the striking feature in the entire story (p.23). Apparently, the other scenes are only to build up on the daydreams of Mitty. â€Å"I’m Going† is a real life story that exposes the fears of two sincere individuals. Unlike Mitty who finds it hard to accept his status, Henry has accepted life and tries to make his wife understand his actions (Clugston, 2010, p. 36). The couple realizes that the reason why they may not be together, as they would wish, is their differences that become an obstacle to each other. The two stories revolve around conflict of finances, and the way the couples would like to spend the resources. In â€Å"The Secret Life of Mitty†, it is more about him and the way he would obtain what he wants for him and his family, as opposed to facing the realities of life (Thurber, 2008, p.26-25). On the other hand, â€Å"I’m Going† is all about Jeanne’s concern on how Henry spends his time and money. The conflict that Jeannie is facing is all about having a responsible husband who will make time for her and use his money well. She feels that Henry gambles a lot with his money and time. Moreover, Jeanne feels that the conflict facing their life would be solved if Henry was a little bit sensitive to her needs and grant her the attention she craves for (Felski, 2003, p.65), rather than act selfishly by going to the races alone. Mitty, on the other hand, feels that his conflict would be solved if he had one of the lives that he was fantasizing. His hopes and dreams are all about being in a position to provide for the needs of his family and satisfy his desires. Conclusion In the two stories, even though the narration revolves around a couple, they both seem to have individual lives where they are unable to merge. Mitty is into fantasy while his wife is real with life. Henry likes going to horse races alone while Jeanne prefers going for walks. Despite having a clear understanding of their weaknesses, none of the involved parties is willing to give in, for the sake of the other. The stories thus share similar ities of the same margin as their differences. Reference List Bernard, T. (1915). I’m Going! A Comedy in One Act. (B. H. Clark, Trans.). New York: Samuel French. Clugston, R. (2010). Journey into Literature. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Felski, R. (2003). Literature after Feminism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Thurber, J. (2008). The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. (Creative Classic Series). New York: The Creative Company. Tobias, C. (1969). The Art of James Thurber. Ohio: Ohio State University Press. Yates, Norris. (1974). James Thurbers Little Man and Liberal Citizen. In C. Holmes (Ed.), Thurber: A Collection of Critical Essays (pp. 28-36). New York: Prentice-Hall.

Action response Essays

Action response Essays Action response Essay Action response Essay Action Response is a London-based charity dedicated to providing fast responses to critical situations throughout the world. The charity receives requests for cash aid usually from an Intermediary charity and looks to process the request quickly and provide funds where they are needed, when they are needed. It was founded to provide relatively short-term aid for small projects until they could obtain funding from larger donors. Generally, Action Response Is regarded as one of the success stories in the charity world. The consensus of opinion is that it has filled an important AP in aid provision to relatively small scale recipients. Susan Noting Chief Executive of Action Response explains the background. Give a man a fish and you feed him today, teach him to fish and you feed him for life, its an old saying and it makes sense but, and this is where Action Response comes in, he might starve while hes training to catch fish. Nevertheless, Susan does have some worries about how parts of her enterprise are managed. She faces two major issues In particular. First she Is receiving complaints that funds are not getting through to where they are needed quickly enough. Second the costs of running the operation are starting to spiral. She explains. We are becoming a victim of our own success. We have striven to provide greater accessibility to our funds, people can access via the internet, by post and by phone. But we are in danger of losing what we stand for. It is taking longer to get the money to where it is needed and our costs are going up. We are in danger of failing on one of our key objectives: to minimize the proportion of our turnover that is spent on administration. At the same time we always need to be aware of the risk of bad publicity through making the wrong decisions. If we dont check applications thoroughly, funds may go to the wrong place and If the newspapers gets hold of the story we would run a real risk of losing the goodwill, and therefore the funds, from our many supporters. Susan NTIS held regular meetings with key stakeholders. One charity that handled a large number of applications for people in Nigeria told her of frequent complaints about the delays over the processing of the applications and they felt there was a danger of losing the key purpose for which the charity was founded. A second charity preventative complained that when he telephoned to ascertain the status of an application the RAPID staff did not seem to know where it was or how long it might be before it was complete. Furthermore he felt that this lack of information was eroding his relationship with his own clients some of whom were losing faith in him as a result. This was affecting the other work the charity was doing; trust Is so Important In the relationship he explained. Some of Suntans colleagues, while broadly agreeing with her anxieties over the One of the really good things about Action Response is that we are more flexible Han most charities. If there is a need and if they need support until one of the larger charities can step in, then we will always consider a request for aid. I would not like to see any move towards high process efficiency harming our ability to be open- minded and consider a request that might seem a little unusual at first. Jacqueline Horton, Applications Assessor) Others saw the charity as performing an important advice and counseling role. Remember that we have gained a lot of experience in this kind of short-term aid. We are also often the first people that are in a position to give advice on how to apply for argue and longer term funding. If we developed this aspect of our work we would again be fulfilling a need that is not adequately supplied at the moment. (Stephen Iniquity, Applications Assessor) The Action Response Applications Processing Unit (RAPE) Potential aid recipients, or the intermediary charities that represent them, are required to apply (or claim as Action Response termed it) using a standard form. These application forms can be downloaded from the internet or requested via a special help line. Sometimes the applica tion will come directly from an individual but ore usually it will come via an intermediary charity that is aware of Action Response and can help the applicant to complete the application form. The application form is then sent to the Action Response Applications Processing Unit (RAPE) The RAPE employs seven applications assessors with three support/secretarial staff, a pool of nine clerks who are responsible for data entry, coding and filing, and nine completes (staff who prepare the final paperwork and send the money, or explain why no aid can be given). In addition, a board of non paid trustees meets every Thursday, to ratify (approve) the applications. Action Responses IT system maintains records of all transactions. It provides an update of number of applications (by week, month and year), the number and percentage of applications approved, number and percentage of those declined, the number and amount of payments allocated. These reports identified that the Unit received about 300 applications per week (the Unit operates a 35 hour week) and whilst all the Units financial targets were being met at the moment the clear trend indicated that costs as a percentage of applications handled was increasing. Most internally set operations performance criteria were being met. The target for the turnaround of an application, from receipt of application to the issue of funds was 20 days. Accuracy had never been an issue as all files were thoroughly assessed to ensure that all the relevant and complete data was collected before the applications waiting for processing at each section with the exception that the completes were sometimes waiting for work to come from the committee on a Thursday. Susan had conducted an inspection of all sections in-trays that had revealed a rather shocking total of about 2000 files waiting within the process. Processing applications The processing of applications is a lengthy procedure requiring careful examination by applications assessors trained to make well founded assessments in line with existing charity guidelines and values. All applications arriving at the Unit are placed in an in-tray. The incoming application is then opened by one of the four receipt clerks who will check that all the necessary forms have been included in the application, the receipt clerks take about 10 minutes per application. This is then placed in an in-tray before collection by the coding staff. The five coding clerks allocate a unique identifier to each application and code the information on the application into the computer. The application is then given a front sheet, a pro formal, with the identifier in the top corner. This coding stage takes about 20 minutes for each application. The files are then placed in a tray on the senior applications assessors secretary desk. As an applications assessor becomes available, the senior secretary provides the next Job in the line to the assessor. About one hundred of the cases seen by the assessors each week are put aside after only 10 minutes scanning because it is clear that there is a need for further information. The assessor returns these files to the secretaries, who write to the applicant (usually via the intermediate charity) requesting missing or additional information, and return the file to the receipt clerks who store the file until the further information eventually arrives. When it does arrive, the file enters the process and progresses through the same stages again. Of the applications that require no further information, around half are accepted and half declined. Some applications clearly fit the charity criteria, or clearly did not. But others could take more time to assess. On average, the applications that are not recycled for further information take around 60 minutes to assess. All the applications, whether approved or declined, are stored prior to ratification. Every Thursday the Committee of Trustees meets to formally approve the applications assessors decisions. The committees role is to sample the decisions to ensure that the guidelines of the charity are upheld. In addition they will review any particularly unusual cases highlighted by the applications assessors. Once approved by the committee the file is then taken to the completion officers. There are 3 declines officers whose main responsibility is to compile a suitable response to the applicant pointing out why the application failed and offering, if possible, provide helpful advice. An experienced declines officer takes about 30 minutes to finalize the file and write a suitable letter. Successful files are passed to the 4 payment officers where again the file is completed, letters (mainly standard letters) are created and including dealing with any queries from the Bank about payment details. Finally the paperwork itself is sent, with the rest of the file, to two dispatch clerks ho complete the documents and mail them to the applicant. Each part of the process has trays for incoming work. Files are taken from the bottom of the pile when someone becomes free to ensure that all documents are dealt with in strict order. The dispatch activity takes, on average, 10 minutes for each application. The feeling amongst the staff was generally good. When Susan consulted the team they said their work was clear and routine, but their life was made difficult by charities that rang in expecting them to be able to tell them the status of an application they had submitted. It could take them hours, sometimes days, to find any individual file. Indeed two of the receipt clerks now worked full time on this activity. They also said that charities frequently complained that the money seemed to be taking a long time to agree and send. Questions 1. What objectives should the RAPE process be trying to achieve? 2. Map the process of handling applications at RAPE. 3. Analyses and evaluate the process. You may wish to assess: number of people involved in each application individual workloads whether the process is configured appropriately process throughput times why it is difficult to locate a file 4. What recommendations would you make to Susan Noting?

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Research paper - Essay Example The benefits of online shopping are numerous one of them being one can shop from home and does not need to go to the mall as one will shop online and the product is delivered at the doorstep. Online shopping saves time and resources as one will be able to shop at the comfort of their homes and one can shop whenever they want hence making it convenient (Rajaraman, 2000). Online shopping will provide variety for the buyer to choose from various shops as there are many providers and this gives the buyer the opportunity to compare products and choose the one that best meets their requirements. Online shopping also has hazards or drawbacks that makes people skeptic about using it. There exists a time lag from payment of the products required and delivery, unlike buying from a store where one exchanges money with the product. Online shopping also does not allow the customer the chance to test the product before using it and if it is defective when delivered it may inconvenience the buyer (Rajaraman, 2000). There are high shipping costs for [products and this makes products sell at a higher price than the usual when using online shopping. Online shopping is also faced by security issues as payment methods over the internet through credit cards may not be secure and it may lead to insecure transactions. However with proper implementation of security measures, online shopping provides an easy and convenient means of trading that saves the customer time and offers a wide variety of products to choose from. I chose online shopping—benefits and hazards as it has become a topic of discussion today because globalization has prompted the need for businesses to initiate electronic commerce in order to be competitive in the market. This topic will help me learn how the advantages and drawbacks of electronic commerce hence it could help me when I start my own business. Searching on the internet was easier than on the online library as I only needed to type in

The assignment - Background information - You are the financial Essay

The assignment - Background information - You are the financial director of a large, ficticious company called Manac plc, which - Essay Example The target profit of the company is not being achieved and as a result of that it is impacting the entire organization. The company has also adopted several cost cutting methods, which impacted the production and reduced competitive advantage of the firm. The report will mainly focus on three areas of strategic management accounting. In the first part, it will mainly emphasize on the models and concepts on pricing decision. In the second part, the study will primarily focus on role of standard costing and variance analysis in management accounting. The third part is about uncovering the pros and cons of activity based costing. The report will then conduct an in depth analysis of the strategic management accounting. On the basis of that a conclusion will be drawn and some recommendations will be made. Models and Concepts on Pricing Decision The organization is currently dealing or facing challenge pertaining to the issue of profit maximization. The problem is that company is not achie ving its target profit. According to several authors, maximization of profit is only possible only when the organizations are able to implement the models and concepts used in pricing decision. ... In order to cite an example, if the products of a company are priced higher than its competition; it may suffer losses and slow income growth. Such firms ignore the impact of pricing, but later understand when it gets actually affected. Similarly, if the prices of products and services of a company are extremely low, their return of profit will be also low. Hence it is important for every firm that they should consider adopting some of the best models or principles based on which they can make pricing decisions. The model should also satisfy the two objectives of pricing. The first one is to achieve maximum profit and the second objective is to meet the market demand. One of the most common models that are considered by the companies is consumer’s preferences and behaviour. According to this model, it is the consumers who make the purchasing decision and other factors hardly play any role (Heidhues and K’oszegi, 2005). Therefore if the firms closely monitor the buying b ehaviour of the consumers, companies will be able to take its pricing decisions with ease. For example, if the study of consumer behaviour reflects that consumers prefer products that are priced low, the companies will be able to make the prices of their products low by reducing the overall cost. The next model pertaining to pricing decision of a firm is about the market equilibrium. Market equilibrium is actually a situation considered by the firms while developing the pricing strategies. This is actually the stage where the market demand and market supply overlaps with each other. The market equilibrium (demand and supply) is highly responsible for driving price changes (Vives, 2010). For example, if the price of a 3D TV is low in a particular market, the

Stereotypes in the Media Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes in the Media Essay Abstract The aim of this research is aimed to compare the frequency of stereotypes between different genres of prime time television shows. 36 Year 11 students were enrolled to record the number of stereotypes they saw portrayed in televised media. The results were collated to compare how many stereotypes appeared in the genres. Results indicated that News portrayed the most stereotypes, followed by comedy, then by drama. Results interpreted showed news stereotypes are considered more socially acceptable, whereas comedy stereotypes can be viewed as offensive and not suitable for children. Drama was very similar to comedy. Stereotypes and their Pervasiveness in the Media The media these days is littered with stereotypes. These stereotypes portray a multitude of different categories, such as age, race, religion, sex and sexuality, mostly in a negative light. The aged, for example, have bad hearing; Muslims are all violent and suicidal; and the French have a snobbish attitude, love for frogs legs, and a hate for the English. While stereotypes tend to have a grain of truth within them (the French really do hate the English), they tend to overlook the differences between individuals, making them too generalised and unreliable. Despite this inaccuracy, the media still does this often. While stereotypes are used in comedy â€Å"for the lulz,† they are deliberately used in this manner, unlike in certain news and current affairs shows, where it is used out of ignorance and efficiency. Because of the way media has stereotyped minorities, society has absorbed this into everyday use and many find it socially acceptable to use offensive stereotypes in everyday conversations. While comedy shows are not trying to offend and proliferate stereotypes, they in fact cause more harm than news and current affairs programs. The Simpsons, a television show known well for its satirical voice and comedic social commentary, is scattered with stereotypes, many of immigrants. Apu, an Indian convenience store owner who appears often in the show, is stingy and has a recognisably Indian accent and prays to his Hindu god, Ganesh. This inaccurate portrayal of Indian immigrants is perceived to be humourous by the public, but they are likely to apply these stereotypes to real people if their misconceptions are not corrected. This research aimed to compare the frequency of stereotypes between different genres of prime time television shows. The genres compared were comedy, drama and news. The hypothesis is that comedy will have the most stereotypes, followed by news, then by drama. Method Participants The participants in this investigation were 36 fifteen to sixteen year olds in year 11 of high school. The students were all academically selective and were mostly Caucasian. The participants chosen were all psychology students, taught by the same teacher. Parents had given permission to participate in this research and signed a permission slip for students to watch at least 3 prime time television shows within two weeks, one to be news or current affairs, the other two being of their choice. Apparatus A log sheet was given (see appendix A) to record the amount of time watching television, and the number of stereotypes noticed. Televisions were to be provided by the participants. So were pens. Procedure The 36 participants were instructed to watch television between the hours of 5 and 10pm. While watching television, they were to record the number of times they saw a stereotype being portrayed and comment on what was being portrayed. This took place over two weeks, after which the results were collated and analysed. Results The results are shown in chart form in Appendix B and C. Once the results were graphed there was not much of a difference between the genres. The data in the graph is collected from a number of participants’ log sheets. 30 people watched news, 21 watched comedy, and 19 watched dramas. The graph didn’t show a single genre to contain significantly more stereotypes. [pic] The graph above shows that there seems to be less of a gap between different stereotypes in comedy, while news has more stereotypes of age and less of religion. Drama has less stereotypes than the others, even when the lack of viewers is factored in. Race and gender are the stereotypes most portrayed by television. Discussion The data partially supports the hypothesis. Despite drama being the genre of television with the least stereotypes, comedy came second to news. News portrayed a lot more stereotypes of age. This is probably a result of violent attacks on old people in their homes. The least portrayed were sexuality, most likely a result of complaints of sexually explicit material being aired. The results do show a large amount of stereotypes are present in television shows. The stereotyping has a tendency to make things quicker and less time-consuming. After all, how is it possible to list all the political, social, economic, ideological and theological differences of a population of about 6 billion? The accuracy of this investigation is to be questioned. While it is possible to rely on this data, it is not going to be completely accurate and it may not demonstrate the true amount of stereotyping done on television. If, for example, all the news shos watched were from the same network, this would affect the results. Other networks may be more biased or even more impartial. The lack of regulation of the programs and networks would have had some effect on the accuracy of the results. Also, the method of recording the stereotypes might also affect the results. With a very vague system, it is impossible to be exact on what stereotypes are displayed, and whether they are a simple comment on turbans, or a full-fledged attack on the habits of old people. Very little research has been done into the number of stereotypes portrayed on television, as opposed to countless studies into the harmfulness of these stereotypes on impressionable children and even adults. The research shows that there are a lot of stereotypes on television, at least 5 or 6 per program. This research is part of understanding how television networks design their shows, and how stereotypes are used as they are instrumental to making changes to unfair depiction of minorities in the media. If the stereotypes are deemed inappropriate then it would be unlikely to make things any better when it comes to international relations and even domestic relations. There has been a lot of rage aimed at the Australians who assaulted two Indian students in Sydney. The acts of violence against minorities have escalated recently. Further research may venture into stereotyping of specific minorities, to examine the details of stereotyping.

Pat Barkers Regeneration Essay -- Pat Barker, Regeneration Essays

In Pat Barker's novel Regeneration, there is little doubt that the cult of Oscar Wilde had taken hold already in the first decades of the twentieth century. In Oscar Wilde's Last Stand, Philip Hoarer informs us that by associating with Robert Ross, Wilfred Owen "was allying himself with the cult of Oscar Wilde: hero, mentor and martyr to an entire culture" (Hoarer 15). In some manner, the unraveling of this statement is what makes the references to Wilde so important in Barker's novel. Barker makes three references to Oscar Wilde on pages 54, 124, and 143. Each of the references to Wilde is in the context of friendships involving homosexual males. In Barker's Regeneration, Oscar Wilde is referenced to emphasize the theme that homosexuals are completely capable having friendships with other males and not just romantic relationships. The interesting life of Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde began on October 16, 1854, in Dublin, Ireland. By the end of his college education, Wilde had become one of the most famous aesthetes; it was this recognition which drew attention to his affected paradoxes and his witty sayings. This fame led to his 1882 lecture tour of America. In 1885 Wilde began work as a book reviewer for the Pall Mall Gazette and a critic for the Dramatic Reviewer. Two years later, he was appointed as the editor of the Lady's World Magazine. The year 1888 marked his first major published work The Happy Prince and Other Stories, which was a charming collection of children's stories. Three years later Wilde made a name for him self by publishing four books in 1891: A House of Pomegranates, Lord Arthur Savile's Crime, Intentions, and The Picture of Dorian Gray -- the latter earning him his greatest fame to date" ("Biograp... ...) The references to Oscar Wilde are ingeniously placed within the novel to give a historical framework to the novel. Pat Barker, in her use of historical characters intertwined with her creation of fictional characters, shows how homosexual and heterosexual men can relate in the background of war and in a society of changing social mores. Works Cited Barker, Pat. Regeneration. New York: Plume, 2003. Biography of Oscar Wilde. 2000. A&E Television Networks. 10 April, 2004. <http://www.biography.com/search/article.jsp?Oscar+Wild> Borland, Maureen. Wilde's Devoted Friend. Oxford: Lennard Publishing, 1990. Hammond, Paul. Love between Men in English Literature. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. Hibberd, Dominic. Wilfred Owen: The Last Year. London: Constable, 1992. Hoare, Philip. Oscar Wilde's Last Stand. New York: Arcade Publishing, 1997. Pat Barker's Regeneration Essay -- Pat Barker, Regeneration Essays In Pat Barker's novel Regeneration, there is little doubt that the cult of Oscar Wilde had taken hold already in the first decades of the twentieth century. In Oscar Wilde's Last Stand, Philip Hoarer informs us that by associating with Robert Ross, Wilfred Owen "was allying himself with the cult of Oscar Wilde: hero, mentor and martyr to an entire culture" (Hoarer 15). In some manner, the unraveling of this statement is what makes the references to Wilde so important in Barker's novel. Barker makes three references to Oscar Wilde on pages 54, 124, and 143. Each of the references to Wilde is in the context of friendships involving homosexual males. In Barker's Regeneration, Oscar Wilde is referenced to emphasize the theme that homosexuals are completely capable having friendships with other males and not just romantic relationships. The interesting life of Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde began on October 16, 1854, in Dublin, Ireland. By the end of his college education, Wilde had become one of the most famous aesthetes; it was this recognition which drew attention to his affected paradoxes and his witty sayings. This fame led to his 1882 lecture tour of America. In 1885 Wilde began work as a book reviewer for the Pall Mall Gazette and a critic for the Dramatic Reviewer. Two years later, he was appointed as the editor of the Lady's World Magazine. The year 1888 marked his first major published work The Happy Prince and Other Stories, which was a charming collection of children's stories. Three years later Wilde made a name for him self by publishing four books in 1891: A House of Pomegranates, Lord Arthur Savile's Crime, Intentions, and The Picture of Dorian Gray -- the latter earning him his greatest fame to date" ("Biograp... ...) The references to Oscar Wilde are ingeniously placed within the novel to give a historical framework to the novel. Pat Barker, in her use of historical characters intertwined with her creation of fictional characters, shows how homosexual and heterosexual men can relate in the background of war and in a society of changing social mores. Works Cited Barker, Pat. Regeneration. New York: Plume, 2003. Biography of Oscar Wilde. 2000. A&E Television Networks. 10 April, 2004. <http://www.biography.com/search/article.jsp?Oscar+Wild> Borland, Maureen. Wilde's Devoted Friend. Oxford: Lennard Publishing, 1990. Hammond, Paul. Love between Men in English Literature. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. Hibberd, Dominic. Wilfred Owen: The Last Year. London: Constable, 1992. Hoare, Philip. Oscar Wilde's Last Stand. New York: Arcade Publishing, 1997.

Democracy & Aristotle Essay

Democracy is widely recognized to have originated from ancient Greece, where much of its political philosophy was developed, particularly by Aristotle. However, Ancient Rome is also credited with significant contributions to the development of democracy. Etymologically speaking, the word ‘democracy’ equates to rule and strength from the people. This is an important notion to consider, as far too often the notion of democracy today has eroded into a belief that this rule and strength lies solely within the electoral process. While there is no denying the importance of elections, Lawrence Lessig (2004) contends that democracy also means rule by the people and opines that in the American tradition that means â€Å"control through reasoned discourse and debate. As such, democracy is exercised most by the people when they are actively engaged in civic affairs. Alexis de Tocqueville (2003), the 19th century French political thinker best known for his sociological travel writings on the United States, observed that this is best exemplified by the jury system. Unlike the elections, jurors did not just vote over the outcome to be imposed at the conclusion of a trial, but rather, they went through intense deliberation, attempting to persuade each other of the outcome. Results were obtained through argument, such that no juror could simply detach himself from the implications of his vote. Democratic theory, when applied to political governance, operates along two princioples. First, that the members of the democratic society in question have equal access to power, and second, that they enjoy freedoms and liberties which are universally recognized. (Dahl, Shapiro & Cheibub, 2003) In practice, this varies wildly, and as such, various strains of democracy exist, some which are less representative of the democratic essence than others. Democracy is better understood by contrasting it with other forms of governance. Aristotle observed that in an oligarchy or aristocracy, rulership is granted to a select few while in a monarchy, it is a single individual who holds the power of rulership. For Aristotle, the foundations of democracy lie in civic freedoms, and it is the only political system which permits the private citizen to have freedom. (No author, 2006) Furthermore, this freedom is a double-edged sword, a privilege and a responsibility. Not only is a government denied unquestioned hegemony over the citizen, but it is the responsibility of the citizen to ensure that the government fulfills its obligations. Additionally, this sense of equality is not contingent on the merits of the individual – class, occupation, etc. are not the basis for measuring rights, but rather distributed regardless of their station in life. In that sense, a democracy maintains an egalitarian appraisal of the individual’s political worth. The successful construction of a democratic political system requires the separation of powers. This is because in order for any political system to distribute power in the egalitarian fashion which defines the democratic ideal, it must be able to ensure that no one faction of the political system can attain enough power as to influence or control the others, for that would effectively dilute and perhaps destroy the democracy itself. (Williamson, 2004) As such, this means that any nation governed under the democratic principle operates under the presumption that its constituents are equal – not just its citizens (though it is crucial that they do) but the various institutions as well. Furthermore, the citizens possess various freedoms that cannot be overridden by the government, regardless of how contrary it may be to the government’s interests, such as the freedom of political expression through speech and press for the purposes of staying informed and declaring their personal interests. (Barak, 2008) REFERENCES Lessig, L. (2004) Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity. New York: Penguin Press. De Tocqueville, Alexis. (2003) Democracy in America. New York: Penguin Classics. Dahl, R. A., Shapiro, I. & Cheibub, J.A. (2003) The Democracy Sourcebook. Massachusetts: MIT Press. Williamson, T. R. (2004) Problems in American Democracy. Montana: Kessinger Publishing. Barak, A. (2008) The Judge in a Democracy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. No author. (2006) â€Å"Aristotle (384-322 BCE): Overview.† The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved September 30, 2008 from: http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristotl.htm

2.Annotated Outline Introduction

3. Objective The basic purpose of HRP is to decide what positions the organisation will have to fill and how to fill them. Objectives of human resource planning Forecast personnel requirements Cope with changes Use existing manpower productively Promote employees in a systematic way Human Resource Planning 4. Importance Organisations use HRP to meet future challenges, cut costs, and achieve greater effectiveness Importance of human resource planning Create a talent pool Prepare people for future Cope with organisational changes Cut costs Help succession planning Human Resource Planning 5. The Process Of HRP The HRP is a four step process: demand forecasting, supply forecasting, estimating manpower gaps and formulating HR plans. The demand for human resources is influenced by several factors Forecasting the demand for human resources External challenges Economic developments Political, legal, social, technological changes Competition Organisational decisions Workforce factors Human Resource Planning 6. The Process Of HRP External Challenges: Liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation (LPG era) have created huge demand for people in software, finance marketing, and manufacturing fields. Organisational Decisions: Decisions such as expansion, diversification, and relocation leading to demand for people possessing requisite skills Workforce Factors: Such as retirement, resignation, and termination etc creating manpower gaps. Human Resource Planning 7. Forecasting Techniques HR forecasts are an attempt to find out an organisation's future demand for employees Forecasting techniques Expert forecasts Trend analysis Workforce analysis Workload analysis Human Resource Planning 8. Forecasting techniques Expert Forecasts: These are based on the judgements of those who possess good knowledge of future human resource needs Trend Analysis: This is based on the assumption that the future is an extrapolation from the past. Human resource needs, as such, can be estimated by examining pas trends. An example of trend analysis 2001-02 Production of Units : 5,000 2002-03 No. of Workers : 100 Ratio : 100:5000 2003-04 Estimated Production : 8,000 No. of Workers required : 8000 ? 100 = 160 5000 If supervisors have a span of 20 workers, 8 supervisors are also needed in 2003-04. Human Resource Planning 9. Forecasting techniques Workforce Analysis: All relevant factors in planning manpower flows in a firm such as transfers, promotions, new recruitments, retirement, resignation, dismissal etc are taken into account while estimating HR needs Manpower flows in a bank Promotions out Transfers In ; ; Job Hopping ; Transfers Out ; Retirement ; VRS Scheme (Golden handshake) Recruits In ; ; Discharge or Dismissal ; Terminations ; Resignations Promotions In ; ; Retrenchment ; Attractions in Other Banks, etc. Human Resource Planning 10. Forecasting techniques Workload analysis: Based on the planned output, a firm tires to calculate the number of persons required for various jobs. An example of workload analysis Planned output for the year 10,000 pieces Standard hours per piece 3 hours Planned hours required 30,000 hours Productive hours per person per year 1,000 hours (estimated on annual basis) (allowing for absenteeism, turnover, idle time etc. ) No. of workers required 30 If span of control in the unit is 10 per officer, then 3 officers are also required. Human Resource Planning 11. Supply Forecasting A) Internal labour supply: a manpower inventory in terms of the size and quality of personnel available (their age, sex, education, training, experience, job performance, etc) is usually prepared by HR departments. Several techniques are used while ascertaining the internal supply of manpower (a supply of employees to fill projected vacancies can come from within the firm or from new hires ) Human Resource Planning 12. Estimated internal labour supply for a given firm Sources of Inflows The Firm Projected Outflows ? Promotions ? Transfers ? Quits Current Staffing ? Promotions Level ? Terminations Employees In Employees Out ? New Recruits ? Retirements ? Recalls ? Deaths ? Layoffs Current Projected Projected Firm’s internal staffing – outflows + inflows = supply for this level this year this year time next year Human Resource Planning 13. Supply Forecasting Staffing table: Shows the number of employees in each job, how they are utilised and the future employment needs for each type of job. Marcov analysis: Uses historical information from personnel movements of the internal labour supply to predict what will happen in the future Human Resource Planning 14. Marcov analysis for a hypothetical retail company 2003-2004 Store Asst. Store Section Dept. Sales Exit Managers Managers Heads Heds Executives Store Managers 80% 20% (n = 15) 12 3 Asst. Store 11% 83% 6% Managers 4 30 2 (n = 36) Section 15% 11% 66% 8% Heads (n = 94) 11 63 8 14 Departmental 10% 72% 2% 16% Heads (n = 288) 29 207 6 46 Sales Executives 6% 74% 20% (n = 1440) 86 1066 288 Forecasted Supply 16 41 92 301 1072 353 Figures in circles show the transition percentages Human Resource Planning 15. Supply Forecasting Skills inventory: It is a summary of the skills and abilities of non managerial employees used in forecasting supply. Human Resource Planning 16. Skills inventory: an example Name : A. K. Sen Date printed : 1-4-2004 Number : 429 Department : 41 Key words Work experience Word Description Activity From To Accounting Tax Supervision 1998 2000 T clerk ax ABC Company and analysis Book Keeping Ledger Supervision 2000 2002 Accountant XYZ Co. Auditing Computer Analysis 2002 2003 Chief Accounts TT Bank records Officer Education Special Qualifications M em be rsh ips Degree Major Year Course Date 1. AIMA MBA Finance 1998 DBF 1996 2. ISTD B. Com Accounts 1995 Risk Management 1999 3. ICA Computer Languages Position Location Hobbies Literacy preference choice ? Tally French Accounting Kolkata Chess ? Banking Auditing Delhi Football Software Bangalore Boating Employees Signature __________ HR Department________ Date _______________________ Date ________________ Human Resource Planning 17. Supply Forecasting Replacement chart: It is a visual representation of who will replace whom in the event of a job opening. Human Resource Planning 18. Replacement chart General Manager Key V. K. Garg Names given are replacement A/2 candidates P A to A. Promotable now General Manager B. Needing development L. Mathews C. Not suitable to position B/1 1. Superior performance 2. Above Average performance Assistant General Manager 3. Acceptable performance R. K. Arora A/2 4. Poor performance B. K. Nehru B/3 Division: Division: Division: Accounting & Planning Manager Technical Advisor HR Manager Taxation Manager A. N. Gupta A/1 N. R. Murthy B/3 C. P Thakur . A/1 A. T Roy . C/2 K. P Rao . B/1 Northern Region Central Region Southern Region Manager Eastern Region Manager Manager A. Subramanyam B/2 Manager L. C. Srivatsav A/2 S. P Kumar A/1 . B. K. Menon B/1 R. Krishna B/3 A. Thapar C/4 R. Pandey B/3 Human Resource Planning 19. Supply Forecasting B) External Labour supply: External hires need to be contacted when suitable internal replacements are not available. A growing number of firms are now using computerised human resource information systems to track the qualifications of hundreds or thousands of employees. HRIS can provide managers with a listing of candidates with required qualifications after scanning the data base. Human Resource Planning 20. Important barometers of labour supply 1. Net migration into and out of the area 2. Education levels of workforce 3. Demographic changes in population 4. Technological developments and shifts 5. Population Mobility 6. Demand for specific skills 7. National, regional unemployment rates 8. Actions of competing employers 9. Government policies, regulations, pressures 10. Economic Forecasts for the next few years 11. The attractiveness of an area 12. The attractiveness of an industry in a particular place Human Resource Planning 21. Manpower Gap Analysis This is used to reconcile the forecasts of labour demand and supply. This process identifies potential skill shortages or surpluses of employees, skills and jobs Estimating manpower requirements Year 1 2 3 1. Number required at the beginning of the year 2. Changes to requirements forecast during the year DEMAND 3. Total requirements at the end of the year (1+2) ——- —— 4. Number available at the beginning of the year 5. Additions (transfers, promotions) SUPPLY 6. Separations (retirement, wastage, promotions out and other losses) 7. Total available at the end of year (4+5+6) ——————– 8. Deficit or surplus (3-7) RECONCILIA TION 9. Losses of those recruited during the year OF THE ABOVE 10. Additional numbers needed during the year (8+9) MANPOWER NEEDED Human Resource Planning 22. Formulating HR Plans Once supply and demand for labour is known adjustments can be made formulating requisite HR plans A variety of HR plans ? Recruitment plan ? Redeployment plan ? Redundancy plan ? Training plan ? Productivity plan ? Retention plan Human Resource Planning 23. Responsibility For Human Resource Planning HRP is a top management job. HR plans are usually made by the HR division in consultation with other corporate heads. Any deviations from the formulated plans and their causes must be looked into, from time to time in order to assess whether the plans require revision or modification. Human Resource Planning 24. Limitations Of Human Resource Planning HR professionals are basically confronted with three problems while preparing and administering HR plans: accuracy, inadequate top management support, lopsided focus on quantitative aspects. Human Resource Planning 25. Effective Human Resource Planning HR plans must fit in with overall objectives of a firm. They must get consistent support from top management. Computerised human resource information systems must be used for applicant tracking, succession planning, building skills inventories etc. The whole exercise must be carried out in coordination with operating managers. Human Resource Planning 26. 4-1 JOB ANALYSIS 27. INTRODUCTION Job analysis is the process of gathering information about a job. It is, to be more specific, a systematic investigation of the tasks, duties and responsibilities necessary to do a job. Job Analysis 28. Nature of job analysis Job Tasks Job Analysis Job Duties Job Responsibilities Job Analysis 29. -4 Partial job analysis questionnaire The information about a job is usually collected through a structured questionnaire: JOB ANALYSIS INFORMATION FORMAT Your Job Title_______________ Code__________Date_____________ Class Title_______________ Department_____________________ Your Name_________________ Facility___________________________ Superior’s Title______________ Prepared by_______________________ Superio r’s Name____________ Hours Worked______AM______to AM____ PM PM 1. What is the general purpose of your job? 2. What was your last job? If it was in another organisation, please name it. 3. To what job would you normally expect to be promoted? Cont†¦ Job Analysis 30. Partial job analysis questionnaire 4. If you regularly supervise others, list them by name and job title. 5. If you supervise others, please check those activities that are part of your supervisory duties: ? Hiring ? Coaching ? Promoting ? Orienting ? Counselling ? Compensating ? Training ? Budgeting ? Disciplining ? Scheduling ? Directing ? Terminating ? Developing ? Measuring Performances ? Other____________ 6. How would you describe the successful completion and results of your work? 7. Job Duties – Please briefly describe WHAT you do and, if possible, How you do it. Indicate those duties you consider to be most important and/or most difficult: Cont†¦ Job Analysis 31. Partial job analysis questionnaire (a) Daily Duties (b) Periodic Duties (Please indicate whether weekly, monthly, quarterly, etc. ) (c) Duties Performed at Irregular Intervals 8. Education – Please check the blank that indicates the educational requirements for the job, not your own educational background. No formal education required ? College degree ? Less than high school diploma ? Education beyond graduate ? High school diploma or equivalent degree and/or professional license. ? College certificate or equivalent List advanced degrees or specified professional license or certificate required. Please indicate the education you had when you were placed on this job. Job Analysis 32. Benefits of Job analysis Job analysis information is useful for a variety of organisation purposes ranging from human resource planning to career counselling Job Analysis 33. Important benefits of Job Analysis Multifaceted Nature of Job Analysis Recruitment Human Resource Planning Selection Job Evaluation Placement Job Design and Training Redesign Performance Counselling Appraisal Employee Safety Job Analysis 34. Who should conduct job analysis? ? Job incumbents themselves ? Supervisors ? External analysts Job Analysis 35. The process of Job analysis The major steps involved in job analysis are: ? Organisational analysis ? Selection of representative positions to be analysed ? Collection of job analysis data ? Preparation of job description ? Preparation of job specification Job Analysis 36. The Competency Approach to Job Analysis This approach encourages employees to develop role based competencies (knowledge, skills and abilities needed to play diverse roles ) that may be used in diverse work situations, instead of being boxed into a job. Job Analysis 37. Methods Of Collecting Job Analysis Data Seven general techniques are generally used to collect job analysis data; ? Job performance: the analyst actually performs the job in question and collects the needed information ? Personal observation: the analyst observes others doing the job and writes a summary ? Critical incidents: job incumbents describe several incidents relating to work, based on past experience; the analyst collects, analyses and classifies data. ? Interview: job incumbents and supervisors are interviewed to get the most essential information about a job Job Analysis 38. Methods Of Collecting Job Analysis Data ? Panel of experts: experienced people such as job incumbents and supervisors with good knowledge of the job asked to provide the information. ? Diary method: job incumbents asked to maintain diaries or logs of their daily job activities and record the time spent and nature of work carried out. Questionnaire method: job incumbents approached through a properly designed questionnaire and asked to provide details. ? The Position Analysis Questionnaire: it is a standardised form used to collect specific information about job tasks and worker traits. Job Analysis 39. Methods Of Collecting Job Analysis Data ? Management Position Description Questionnaire: it is a standa rdised form designed to analyse managerial jobs Management Position Description Factors 1. Product, marketing and financial strategy planning. 2. Coordination of other organisational units and personnel. . Internal business control. 4. Products and services responsibility. 5. Public and customer relations. 6. Advanced consulting. 7. Autonomy of actions. 8. Approval of financial commitments. 9. Staff service. 10. Supervision. 11. Complexity and stress. 12. Advanced financial responsibility. 13. Broad personnel responsibility. Job Analysis 40. Methods Of Collecting Job Analysis Data ? Functional job analysis: it is a systematic process of finding what is done on a job by examining and analysing the fundamental components of data, people and things. Job Analysis 41. Behavioural Factors Impacting Job Analysis The following behavioural factors must be taken care of while carrying out a job analysis: ? Exaggerate the facts ? Employee anxieties ? Resistance to change ? Overemphasis on current efforts ? Management straight jacket Job Analysis 42. Job Description And Job Specification The end products of job analysis are: Job description: this is a written statement of what the job holder does, how it is done, under what conditions it is done and why it is done. Job Analysis 43. Specimen of Job Description Title Compensation manager Code HR/2310 Department Human Resource Department Summary Responsible for the design and administration of employee compensation programmes. Duties ? Conduct job analysis. ? Prepare job descriptions for current and projected positions. ? Evaluate job descriptions and act as Chairman of Job Evaluation Committee. ? Insure that company’s compensation rates are in tune with the company’s philosophy. Cont†¦ Job Analysis 44. Specimen of Job Description ? Relate salary to the performance of each employee. Conduct periodic salary surveys. Develop and administer performance appraisal programme. ? Develop and oversee bonus and other employee benefit plans. ? Develop an integrated HR information system. Working conditions Normal. Eight hours per day. Five days a week. Report to Director, Human Resource Department. Job specification: it offers a profile of human characteristics (knowledge, skills and abilities) needed by a person doing a job. Job Analysis 45. Specimen of job specification Education ? MBA with specialisation in HRM/MA in social work/PG Diploma in HRM/MA in industrial psychology. ? A degree or diploma in Labour Laws is desirable. Experience ? At least 3 years’ experience in a similar position in a large manufacturing company. Skill, Knowledge, Abilities ? Knowledge of compensation practices in competing industries, of job analysis procedures, of compensation survey techniques, of performance appraisal systems. ? Skill in writing job descriptions, in conducting job analysis interviews, in making group presentations, in performing statistical computations ? Ability to conduct meetings, to plan and prioritise work. Work Orientation Factors ? The position may require upto 15 per cent travel. Age ? Preferably below 30 years. Job Analysis 46. Role Analysis To have a clear picture about what a person actually does on a job, the job analysis information must be supplemented with role analysis. Role analysis involves the following steps: ? Identifying the objectives of the department and the functions to be carried out therein ? Role incumbent asked to state his key performance areas and his understanding of the roles to be played by him ? Other role partners of the job such as boss, subordinate, peers are asked to state their expectations from the role incumbent ? The incumbent's role is clarified and expressed in writing after integrating the diverse viewpoints expressed by various role partners. Job Analysis + dasaritapaswi, 3 months ago Embed . without related content for WordPress. com 1055 views more its use full to students of management Related Presentations An Analysis Of Fm Radio Advertising Rates In The Arab World TOC . Human Resource Planning – Concept And Need. Factors Affe†¦ 17487 views Hrp 2453 views Job Search Tips For New Grads For Slide Share . 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