Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights Essay

Who or what does Heathcliff represent in Wuthering Heights? Is he a force of evil or a victim of it and how important is the role of class in the novel, particularly as it relates to Heathcliff and his life? The ‘moral ambiguity, glamour and degradation that is Heathcliff’ (same as below) forms the ultimate focus for the novel Wuthering Heights, beginning as Heathcliff is brought into the Earnshaw family, with his evil machinations completely driving the story and his death marking the conclusion of the novel. Throughout Bronte’s work he is portrayed as a strong figure who remains mysterious, magnetic and charismatic, keeping countless readers engaged throughout centuries through the desire to understand both Heathcliff’s character and his motivations. Tortured, brooding, passionate and dark, Heathcliff is undoubtedly the embodiment of the Byronic hero, i.e. a self-destructive anti-hero who is isolated from society, much like Mr. Rochester from Jane Eyre or, more recently, Edward Cullen from the Twilight series. While his actions throughout the novel are neither likeable, nor condonable, they are driven by passion, an emotion synonymous with a typical literary hero and this, alongside his torturous love for Cathy, means that readers cannot help but feel empathy for him, bringing them closer to Heathcliff than any other character in the novel. Wuthering Heights provoked a good deal of anxiety when published, most of which was caused by the character of Heathcliff. The Examiner felt outraged by the mixture of affection and loathing he inspired, and even Emily’s sister, Charlotte felt ‘hard put to justify Heathcliff’s ‘repulsiveness’ and was forced onto the defensive. The creation of Heathcliff, she conceded, may not have been advisable.’ (Cambridge companion to the Bronte’s, page 166) Not solely a Byronic hero, Heathcliff is also seen to be a ‘nightmarish manifestation of subtler fears about self-making gone too far’. (Forgery in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture p. 13) Heathcliff is the epitome of a self-made man, rising from a degraded and abused orphan on the streets of Liverpool to a man of property, wealth, success and culture, a man ‘in dress and manners a gentleman: that is, as much a gentleman as many a country squire’ (Wuthering Heights p.21) a mere twenty five years later. This climb to wealth fundamentally embodies the anxieties that upper and  middle class Victorians possessed regarding the working classes. The upper classes were very ambivalent about the people below them socially; feeling charitable towards the lower-classes, yet weary of the idea that they may escape their circumstances through the acquisition of power, be it political, social, economic or cultural. The role of class in the novel is something of a constant struggle for Heathcliff, as although he manages to obtain property and therefore wealth, he can never change his appearance, which implies more socially than his wealth ever can. For even as Lockwood notes his gentlemanly appearance, he also recognises Heathcliff as a ‘dark-skinned gipsy in aspect’ (Wuthering Heights p.21), showing how his ethnic background presents an unusual contrast to his master of the house image, and how he can never truly escape his social standing. This social standing has an enormous effect on the character of Heathcliff and his life as the novel progresses. Rescued from the streets of Liverpool, Heathcliff enters the Earnshaw household a poor orphan, which automatically deems him to be on a lower level than any other character. He is immediately characterised as a ‘villain’, ‘imp of Satan’, with a language of ‘gibberish’ (Wuthering Heights) and is cruelly referred to as â€Å"it† by Catherine’s father, seen as an object rather than a person. This poor treatment is not much of an improvement on his difficult childhood and it is clear to see that he becomes a product of this neglect and abuse. Racially different, Heathcliff can and will never be accepted by his adoptive family, something which is highlighted to readers through the fact that he is never given the Earnshaw family name. Nelly uses an interesting choice of words to describe how the occupants of Wuthering Heights felt about Heathcliff’s arrival, saying ‘from the very beginning, he bred bad feeling in the house.’ (Wuthering heights ch. 4) These words are evocative as there is much speculation surrounding Heathcliff’s heritage. Coming from Liverpool, a town with high rates of immigrants, and with his dark looks, Heathcliff is likely of mixed race, with some critics suggesting that he is black, or, like Patrick Bronte, descended from Irish immigrants, either of which would lower his social standing even further. The theme of class is further intertwined in the plot as Heathcliff’s low  class ranking is one of the sole reasons that Catherine chooses to marry Edgar rather than to be with him, despite the fact that while her feelings towards Edgar fluctuate, she loves Heathcliff so intensely that she claims they are the same person. She finds Edgar ‘handsome and pleasant to be with’ (Wuthering Heights), yet these are merely superficialities; Catherine truly marries Edgar because he is a part of the right social class, possessing the ability to provide financial security for her. She has  clearly considered the prospect of marrying Heathcliff as she not only tells Nelly that if Heathcliff and she were to marry ‘we should be beggars’ (Wuthering Heights) but also reveals plans to use Edgar’s money to help Heathcliff rise in the class system. After Heathcliff returns, Catherine cannot contain her happiness, forcing Edgar to ask her to choose between Heathcliff and him. She refuses to honour that request, later blaming both men for breaking her heart as she could not choose between her love for Heathcliff and the life that Edgar could offer her. Marrying Edgar guaranteed Catherine a higher social standing. Overall, Heathcliff’s role in the Victorian class hierarchy plays an integral role in major events of his life. It is the reason he is abused by the master of the house, the reason that Catherine chooses Edgar over him, leading him to seek revenge and to make something of himself, but, above all, it is the reason he acts so despicably in the latter half of the novel, encouraging Isabella’s infatuation and acting aggressively. None of these events would have taken place if Heathcliff was of a higher social class, as he would have simply been able to marry Catherine. Throughout the text, Heathcliff is repeatedly referred to as being evil in ‘nature†¦ an unmannerly wretch’ (wuthering heights), with his own wife even asking if he is mad or a devil. Most of the characters assume that individuals are born good or evil, with people having little control over their personalities or actions. However, is Heathcliff truly a force of evil or merely a victim of it? Is it possible that he could represent both? It is undeniable that Heathcliff is a product of his upbringing. He was neglected, which in turn made him neglectful. He was abused, and so became abusive. He was segregated from the other characters, and so he cast everyone aside from  himself. He was treated unfairly throughout his upbringing, making him violent and resentful in later life. Heathcliff is the utmost paradigm of a victim turned perpetrator, and often falls back on violence as a means to express his feelings of both love and hatred. His anger is due to the mistreatment he suffered at the hands of Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley and Catherine, tying it to the revenge which he so passionately seeks. Despite this, Heathcliff also undertakes dishonourable, cruel acts against those who have done no harm to him in the past, demonstrating a side of him which shows that he is not solely a victim of evil, but also possesses a dark streak. The best example of this is the hanging of Isabella Linton’s dog, when Heathcliff says: The first thing she saw me do, on coming out of the Grange, was to hang up her little dog; and when she pleaded for it, the first words I uttered were a wish that I had the hanging of every being belonging to her, except one possibly she took that exception for herself. (WH chapter 12) Ultimately though, Heathcliff’s violence and darkness stems from bearing a chip on his shoulder and hanging onto the complexes gained from his past. He may possess a mean streak, however this has ultimately come as a consequence of his early life. Therefore, he is not a force of evil as such, as he had reason for the majority of his actions. No matter how violent or despicable Heathcliff may be by times, he cannot help but remain likeable, due in part to his love of Catherine. His love for her is violent in the sense that it is extremely passionate, but it stirs a brutal defensiveness; Heathcliff would never do anything to harm Catherine. Towards the end of the novel, he confesses to Nelly that he no longer has any interest in violence. This is not so much because he has sated his appetite for it, but rather he has gone past the need to inflict suffering onto others as a form of vengeance, proving that cruelty was never truly an inbuilt feature of his character. The real discomfort created by the novel when published was not ‘so much that Heathcliff is atrocious, but that he is not, after all, entirely despicable.’ (cambridge 167) The novel consistently gives the impression that there is more to Heathcliff’s actions than meets the eye, for example,  his cruelty is seen as merely an expression of his frustrated love for Catherine, or his sinister behaviour conceals the heart of a romantic hero. His character is expected to have a hidden virtue as he resembles a romantic hero, partly due to his overt masculinity, although this is taken to extremes of aggressiveness by times. Traditionally, heroes of romanticism appear dangerous, brooding and cold only to later emerge as loving and devoted. While Heathcliff does not reform as expected, there is no need for him to do so, as he remains permanently devoted and passionate about Catherine, although unable to clearly portray these emotions. Certain malevolence proves difficult to explain, as it cannot be deemed a form of revenge against people who have previously wronged him. As he himself points out, his abuse of Isabella is purely for his sadistic amusement, seeing how much she will endure while still returning. Critic Joyce Carol Oates argues that Brontà « does to the reader that which Heathcliff does to Isabella, testing to see how much the reader can be shocked by Heathcliff’s gratuitous violence and still,  masochistically, insist on seeing him as a romantic hero. Oates has a valid point, as, for all his flaws and sadistic actions, one cannot hate, or even dislike the character of Heathcliff, seeing him solely as a wounded soul who tries to get back at those who previously hurt him, making him the ultimate Byr onic hero of Nineteenth Century literature.

Managerial ethics †term paper

It's the sure looks positive in this way, as part of the deal, Sara Lee Corp. loaded up the apparel maker with billions in new debt, then paid itself a big, fat dividend — money it'll use to trim its own debt and buy back shares. Hanes, by contrast, will start life as a public company with a bond rating in junk status and a debt load so onerous some worry it won't be able to invest enough in its well-known clothing brands. Financial engineering that has more in common with the world of leveraged buyouts than with corporate spin-offs. And at first blush, from Sara Lee's perspective, the deal makes sense. Why should executives rely solely on the fickle stock market to recognize the worth of Hanes as a stand-alone company when they can grab some cold cash now and put it to work immediately? Managerial ethics would mean many things positive about what is good in the executive managers that manage effectively. These effective managers showed successful operations in of the paper: Examining the questions of why individuals behave the way they do and if there is a natural impulse to do well. This will discusses such issues as whether an individual, pursuing his or her own self-interest, can improve the general welfare and whether people have an innate intuition that leads them to do well.† In coming to the conclusion that the pursuit of self-interest can produce a lot of good if it is balanced with a bit of societal guidance, the author brings to light issues of corporate governance, performance pay, legal and monetary incentives, and other forms of regulation (Pounds, William F. http://sloanreview.mit.edu)†. It is in this aspect, it points out, that intuition, rather than a more empirical approach, can best be put to good use. Then argument stated that intuition has been lacking from the more utilitarian view of economics and management and that, generally speaking, a blend of both approaches is optimal. Ethical approaches in Business: Sara Lee executives declined to comment for negative story. A Sara Lee spokesman says the company believes Hanes's level of debt is appropriate. A Hanes spokesman says the company generates enough free cash to fund investment as well. The subject of business ethics is complex. Fair-minded people sometimes have significant differences of opinion regarding what constitutes ethical behavior and how ethical decisions should be made. This article discusses four approaches that business owners can use to consider ethical questions. The method you prefer may not suit everyone. Hopefully, by considering the alternatives, you will be able to make decisions that are right for you. The utilitarian approach to ethical decision-making focuses on taking the action that will result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Considering our example of employing low-wage workers, under the utilitarian approach you would try to determine whether using low-wage foreign workers would result in the greatest good. For example, if you use low-wage foreign workers in response to price competition, you might retain your market share, enabling you to avoid laying off your U.S. employees, and perhaps even allowing you to pay your U.S. employees higher wages. If you refuse to use low-wage foreign workers regardless of the competition, you may be unable to compete. This could result in layoffs of your U.S. workers and even your foreign workers, for whom the relatively low wages may be essential income. On the other hand, using low-wage workers may tend to depress the wages of most workers, thus reducing almost everyone’s standard of living and depressing their ability to purchase the very goods you and others are trying to sell. The moral rights approach concerns itself with moral principles, regardless of the consequences. Under this view, some actions are simply considered to be right or wrong. From this standpoint, if paying extremely low wages is immoral, your desire to meet the competition and keep your business afloat is not a sufficient justification. Under this view, you should close down your business if you cannot operate it by paying your workers a â€Å"living wage,† regardless of the actions of your competitors. Reference: Pounds, William . Retrieved 12/12/2006.   

The Difference in Conducting Business and Marketing Activities between Essay

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Identity development - Edith Piaf- based on the movie La Vie En Rose Essay

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E-Commerce Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10500 words

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Hotel Restaurant Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

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Strategic Management Unit 4DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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What were the impacts of the World War II on Japan Term Paper

What were the impacts of the World War II on Japan - Term Paper Example The Axis alliance, especially Japan had to suffer huge problems during the Second World War. Of these, the major problem was of the fuel shortage. Japan’s extensive use of its aircraft carries as it was main force of the country and the only hope for defeating the allied forces did not help the country at all. Although Japan did outnumber the allied forces in the matter guns power but was defeated significantly in attrition. It was the attrition that made Japan lose the war in the pacific. The Japanese army and navy truly lacked all the resources and the development required to replace the loss faced in the pacific. â€Å"the supremacy of nations may be determined by the possession of available petroleum and its products.† (Coolidge 1924). This statement by president looked like a prediction of the coming future. Japan’s shortage of fuel turned out to be major problem for the country to sustain its initial rather successful position. â€Å"Primary strategic aim of U.S. Strategic Air Forces is now to deny oil to enemy air forces.† (Spaatz 1944). Furthermore the economic policies of Japan before and during the war played a negative role as long as japans’ chances of winning the war were concerned. Japan was more into extending its borders than creating an army with a strong backup. It all started for Japan after the attack of Pearl Harbor which started a true war between the two forces. At that time Japan was a major force in the pacific with its aircraft carriers and the hopes of winning the war on the basis of its naval strength were high. ... On 6th and 9th august 1946, America dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing millions and forcing Japan to surrender unconditionally. Unthinkable Destruction The atomic bombs dropped by American aircrafts had devastating effects on the two cities. They destroyed the cities completely leaving nothing but rubble. Japan, struck by such a major disaster was forced to surrender unconditionally as there were no other options left for the country. The two bombs killed 66,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000 in Nagasaki, destroying the two sixties completely. A total area 5 and a half square miles was left in rubbles. Apart from those who died immediately, millions were left to mourn with major radiological injuries, flash burns and mechanical injuries leading to disabilities. Apart from these immediate effects that the bombs caused, the infrastructure of the two cities were completely devastated and they were not fit anymore for the human to live in. the radiological damage s appeared years after the bombings as the new births has congenital anomalies and newborns usually died in the early years of their lives. Survival and Revival The war had left Japan with nothing but just a little more than debris, its 40% infrastructure was now in rubbles and the country knew it would take long to get things back to normal. It was with the help of international funding: especially America as Japan was now occupied by America that the process of revival started and a little hope arose of taking the country back to its original shape. After the war, the Japanese industries were supplied by funds and the strong workers who were originally post war soldiers to work in and contribute in the

Foodmaster company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foodmaster company - Case Study Example At present, the company has 4Â  factories, 16Â  retail branches and two dairy farms across the country. Moreover, the FoodMaster factories have the capacity to process more than 100 tons of dairy products daily at present. Initially, the company was interested in the manufacturing of yoghurt alone; however the company is currently manufacturing many other dairy products such as Kefir (a healthy dairy drink), Lapped Milk BIO-C Immun+ (a sweet vanilla flavored or fruit jam lapped milk), Dolce Yoghurt Drink (a gentle creamy drinking yoghurt made from milk of the highest quality, with large cantles of natural juicy fruit), Lactel Milk with Vitamin D (a milk RANGE with vitamin D) and Nenny Yogurt Drink (a drink made from the milk of the highest quality with a wide range of fruit supplements). Arethe yogurt, the sour cream, the home curd, Dolce yogurts and Bio-C Immune+ curdled milk are extremely popular among the people of Kazakhstan (FoodMaster, N.d.). The company has the habit of updating and diversifying its product ranges every year, based on the changing trends among the consumers. It should be noted that consumers are always look out for new tastes and flavors. FoodMaster Company knows this fact very well and has developed more than 100 popular dairy products as of now. Some of the major landmarks of FoodMaster Company’s history are given below. One of the major success factors of FoodMaster Company is its commitments to the corporate social responsibility, environmental protection and sustainable development. The company’s vision is to provide dairy products with natural ingredients to the people of Kazakhstan. It should be noted that many other prominent dairy companies in other parts of the world are using artificial ingredients to stretch the life of dairy products as much as possible. The company is giving more importance to the health and safety of the people rather than the profitability

Care Support Essay Example for Free

Care Support Essay Effective reflection on relationships that develop in care work Mary is an 82 year old female resident who came to live in our nursing home five years ago she has a mild cognitive impairment and is totally independent she wears an incontinence pad and requires minimum assistance. Mary loves to sing and listen to music especially Irish traditional music and popular ballads. She remains in close contact with her two daughters who visit regularly. Mary is a very private person and likes to spend time alone in her room. She is a very jolly lady who loves to laugh and enjoys life. As a care assistant I had assisted Mary with her continence needs by making her aware of where to find continence pads in the bathrooms around the home and making sure they were always available in her bedroom this protects her privacy, dignity and independence as I know it would cause her embarrassment to have to ask for them. We got on really well because we both have a love of Irish music and I spent a lot of time talking with her about music, her family and her reasons for coming to live with us in the nursing home. I also developed a trusting relationship with her daughters as Mary would often include me in conversation when they visited. I had noticed a change in Mary where she was spending a lot of time in the bathroom and she seemed agitated when in the day room I approached her and asked if she wanted to go for a walk outside as we have done on several occasions. She agreed and we set off. ecause of the trusting relationship we had built over time I felt comfortable asking her if she was ok and she replied â€Å"yes love shure ya have ta have a laugh† I deviated a little with some talk about the gardens we were passing and I approached the subject again by saying if there was anything wrong you can tell me, and if I can help you I will, you only have to ask, she replied with â€Å"I don’t want to be a bother to anyone† I told her I noticed she was going to the bathroom a lot, there was silence for what seemed forever then she told me â€Å"I have a stinging pains down below† I knew straight away it was thrush as I had observed from her care plan she was prone to thrush. I asked her permission to talk to the nurse and explained it would require medical treatment and she agreed. Asking her permission protected her confidentially, when we returned to the home I approached the nurse and told her of the situation she acted immediately, knowing Mary was prone to thrush she kept a supply of ointment to treat her, I went back to Mary and asked her to come with me very discretely so as not to draw the attention of other residents or visitors this protected her privacy, dignity and confidentially . I escorted her to the nurses’ station and the nurse took over. Within a few hours Mary was back to her normal jolly self singing in the corner. The positive outcome for Mary during this incident happened because of the relationship we had built over time and getting to know her, being able to observe a change in her behaviour. The situation was handled with just me and the nurse on duty no other members of staff were involved this protects Mary’s privacy and dignity. Clear identification of interpersonal issues that can arise in care work The interpersonal issues in this situation were between Mary myself and the nurse and no other staff, resident or visitors were aware of Mary’s situation this protected Mary’s privacy, dignity confidentially and respect. Interpersonal issues between me and other healthcare staff occurred through informing them of what had happened and how the situation was handled. What was observed during this incident was that building relationships with residents allow us to be more effective as care assistants. The types of communication used during this incident were mainly verbal, communicating with Mary in a very discrete and respectful manner put her at ease, and communicating with other healthcare staff to inform them of the incident and how best to handle it should it happen again. The outcome for Mary was she got the treatment she needed in a timely manner, it highlighted to senior healthcare staff the importance of the care assistant in relationship building and observation, reporting our findings to the nurse to get the best healthcare for the resident. Effective reflection on own interpersonal skills as a care worker Interpersonal skills used in this incident were respect and confidentially taking Mary out for a walk and chatting allowed me to discover what was bothering her by doing this it did not draw the attention of any other resident to her situation. Informing the nurse and other relevant healthcare staff will allow them to handle any other similar situation in a discrete manner thus protecting her privacy, dignity confidentially and independence. Comprehensive observation of the process of developing personal effectiveness as a healthcare assistant In this situation I was able to help Mary because I noticed a change in her behaviour, I believe in order to give person centred care you must know your residents, individualised care is an on-going process, building a trusting relationship with knowledge of life history, likes/dislikes, religious and cultural influences are vital in the implementation of individualised care. Knowledge gained in class helped raise awareness of how important it is to protect residents dignity, respect, confidentially and independence. We learnt about the art of reflection, looking at an incident, what happened? How we handled it and how can we improve to achieve a positive outcome for the person involved. Knowledge gained in class has helped me gain skills in awareness. observing how residents behave and being aware of changes are important tools for personal effectiveness, reflection is also a vital tool for personal effectiveness looking back at a situation and analysing what happened and how it was dealt with is very effective it allows us question ourselves and ask how can we have handled the incident better and put a plan into action to bring a positive outcome for the resident involved. Personal skills helped significantly in this situation, skills such as building relationships, empathy, observation and the ability to communicate effectively with residents and other healthcare staff helped me bring about a positive outcome for Mary. As a carer there are many skills that can be developed such as communication, the ability to communicate with all healthcare staff regardless of their discipline is important, and knowledge gained through dialog with residents and their relative’s is invaluable, knowing a little about residents will allow us to care more effectively completing level 5 in healthcare support has been invaluable although we care for people every day, having knowledge and the theory behind it is important and will make for better care. Detailed evidence of expertise in a range of interpersonal care work skills I don’t know if I have â€Å"expertise† in any care work skills but I think I am good at what I do, knowledge is a wonderful thing and as our knowledge increases we become confident, and self-confidence is a great tool to have in care work, having the confidence to talk to other healthcare staff in a professional manner enables us to gain the best possible care for our residents, what I gained from this situation was respect for fellow healthcare staff who listened to what I said and acted on the information. I don’t know if I could put an action plan in place for this scenario but what I can say is that it is vital that all healthcare assistants observe all residents and become familiar with their daily routine this gives us the opportunity to note any changes and report these findings to relevant staff. Some of the skills used to deal with this situation were gained through life experience, being a father of 4 I have brought with me patience, understanding, and empathy to name but a few but the course has given me the ability to analyse my thinking to look at how I have worked today and how can I improve tomorrow. Conclusion All healthcare staff from consultants to healthcare assistants must give the best possible care to patents/residents, we are privileged in our role in healthcare and everything we do must be in the best interest of the patent/resident. Being a part of that team and being respected for the role we play is very important. Nurses are put under increasing pressure with medication rounds, paperwork, supervision etc. they can’t be everywhere or know what is happening with every resident so we as healthcare assistants become the eyes and ears of the facility, observing changes and reporting in a timely manner to gain a positive outcome for the resident involved. Being heard as part of the team will make for a more effective workplace.

What Is Green Diesel Environmental Sciences Essay

What Is Green Diesel Environmental Sciences Essay Green Diesel, often called renewable diesel or second generation diesel, refers to petrodiesel-like fuels derived from biological sources fuels derived from biological resources (bio-resources) that are chemically not esters and thus distinct from biodiesel. The green diesel is chemically same as petrodiesel but it is made from bio-resources. Bio-resources refers to the living things (plants, animals, and others aspects of nature). It is important to society for the various services they provide, as well as problems they may create. Biological resources are grouped into those that affect agriculture, such as cultivated plants, pollinators, and pests those that are sources of scientific inputs, such as agricultural plant varieties that provide genetic resources and those that provide natural goods and services, such as wildlife, fish, and scenic beauty. Traditional measures of agricultural productivity do not capture all the benefits of preserving biological resources on private lands . Because of this, private landowners may not have adequate incentives to consider the full range of goods and services produced by the biological resources under their control. Since green diesel is produced by bio-resources, thus it is the eco-friendly and sustainable sources of fuel for vehicles. Green diesel blends follow the same nomenclature as biodiesel. Green diesel in its pure form is designated R100 while a blend comprised of 20% green diesel and 80% petrodiesel is called R20. Because green diesel is chemically the same as petrodiesel, it can be mixed with petrodiesel in any proportion but users may need to add an additive to address lubricity issue associated with compounds with no oxygen. The characteristic of green diesel compared with other fuel are shown below: Biodiesel Diesel Oxygen, % 0 11 0 Specific gravity 0.78 0.88 0.84 Sulphur, ppm Heating value, à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C 44 38 43 Cloud point, à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C -20 to 20 -5 to 15 -5 Cetane 70-90 50-65 40 Table 1.1(1) : Characteristics of Green Diesel compared with other fuel. Green diesel can be made from the same feedstock as biodiesel since both are required the tricylglycerol containing material from bio-resources. Figure 1.1(1) : Brief Renewable Fuel Creation Process Pathway However the terms green diesels have been further distinguished based on the processing method to create the fuel. The primary differences between green diesel and biodiesel are the technologies used to make the fuel and the molecules that are ultimately produced. Whereas, biodiesel is made using a chemical reaction called transesterfication. There are three different processes for creating green diesel, hydrotreating, thermal depolymerisztion, and biomass-to-liquid (BTL). Green diesel blends follow the same nomenclature as biodiesel. Green diesel in its pure form is designated R100 while a blend comprised of 20% green diesel and 80% petrodiesel is called R20. Because green diesel is chemically the same as petrodiesel, it can be mixed with petrodiesel in any proportion but users may need to add an additive to address lubricity issue associated with compounds with no oxygen. The differences between green diesel and biodiesel are shown below: Green Diesel Biodiesel Pure hydrocarbon Oxygenated hydrocarbon Production process: Hydrotreating Thermal depolymerisation Biomass-to liquid (BTL) Production process: Tranesterfication Chemically same with petrodiesel Chemically different than petrodiesel. Table 1.1(2): Comparison of Green Diesel and Bio-diesel The hydrotreating process is a process utilized by petroleum refineries today to remove contaminants such as sulphur, nitrogen, condensed ring aromatics, or metals. 1.1.2 Importance of Green Diesel from Malaysia Chemical Industry Point of View Diesel oil has good commercial value as it serve many purposes. It has many functions as below: To move the heavy road vehicles such as buses, lorries and trucks. To move motors and cars For overland shipping To move military vehicles, such as tanks Can be used in the water transportation as an alternative energy sources to move engines such as in the ships, boats and yacht As electricity backup energy sources Power generation Construction and farming equipment Removal of tar from bitumen burns They derived the diesel from crude oil, which is called petrodiesel. With sharply rising use of non-renewable feedstock (crude oil) to derive diesel has a significant impact on the production of biofuels based on the conventional method. A projected future shortage of crude oil coupled with the growing worldwide demand for transportation fuels has raised the interest in the green diesel, which chemically has the same properties as the petrodiesel but with better cetane number, which mean reduce the emission of CO2 and NOx, emission, and thus brings significant improvement on greenhouse effect, global warming and pollutions. Figure 1.1(2): Current and Future Trend of Production for Petroleum For recent studies and development of technologies show that the production of green diesel can be competitive or cost less than petroleum fuels; yield more oil per hectare of land; sequester CO2 from the flue gases emitted from fossil fuel power plants or other resources; able to similar or even outstanding performance than petroleum fuels; improvement of cold flow properties so that it cause least problem to use during winter. The advantages of green diesel compared with others type of diesel can be summarised as below: Green diesel does appear to have many advantages over the other bio-based diesels. Some of these potential advantages are summarized below: The process utilizes existing refining operations thereby eliminating the need for the immense capital investment required in the United States to produce a significant amount of biodiesel capable of truly displacing significant amounts of petroleum diesel. The fuel is produced by refineries with a long track record of safely producing high grade products thereby eliminating the uncertainty of a fuel produced by a large number of independent producers with limited experience in fuels production. The producers can utilize existing transportation and storage capacity (pipelines, tankage, trucks, etc.) thus eliminating the need for establishing a separate system. It should be noted that due to the detergent character of biodiesel, it cannot be transported or stored in existing petroleum facilities. This industry places production of a fuel in the hands of companies with significant experience with the marketing and distribution of fuel products. The process utilizes a high portion of the lipids, such as the glycerin conversion to propane. Currently green diesel appears to have similar processing cost as biodiesel. The resulting fuel appears to have more stable fluid and burn properties at low temperatures Malaysia also has her own biofuel policy. The government has announced the introduction of a National Biofuel Policy on 10 August 2005. The policy is primarily aimed at reducing the countrys fuel import bill, promoting further the demand for palm oil which will be the primary commodity for biofuel production (alongside regular diesel). One of the four strategies in Malaysias National Biofuel Policy is to encourage the use of biofuel among the public, which will involve giving out incentives for oil retail companies to provide biodiesel pumps at stations [6]. From this policy, we can conclude that our country started to pay attention to biofuels. However, with the green diesel stands out to be having more advantages than bio-diesel, the forecast of green diesel in Malaysia would be off the bright one. With all the bio-resources readily available as feedstock in the production of green diesel, definitely green diesel will be one of the most potential alternative energies utilized in the land of Malaysia. 1.1.3 The World Green Diesel Production Plants Green diesel is a new breed of fats-and-oils based renewable diesel is now increasing its presence in the global biofuels market as major players stared up new production facilities this year. Efforts are being made all over the world to replace fossil fuel. We are belatedly realized that non-renewable energy is causing us serious problems and that is the main cause to develop more alternative energy resources. Green diesel can be produced either by hydrotreating process, BTL reaction or thermal depolymerization processes. Its chemical properties are identical to petroleum diesel as compared with bio-diesel. The demand of green diesel is so much interesting but also challenging. In Malaysia, the usage of green diesel is not much significant. But, recently, there is new renewable energy pilot plant being launched by Saham Utama Sdn. Bhd. in Sungai Batu Pahat near Kangar, Perlis. The diesel is made from solid waste plastic. This can reduce the amount of plastic wastes, thereby helping to combat the effect of global warming. They have claimed that the added features would be installed to transform plastic bottles into diesel fuel. The goal is to convert any domestic waste including organic waste and liquid into commercial fuels. The engineering method used could be thermal depolymerization which similar to cracking of crude oil. In Asia, the most nearest country which recently alert about these efforts is Singapore. In November 2010, Finland-based Neste Oil started the world largest renewable diesel plant in Singapore, with a total capacity of 725 760 tonnes per year. The diesel produced is known as NExBTL, a premium-quality product with complex production technology and also more expensive than bio-diesel. It is produced by hydrotreating of the feedstock. The byproducts of the process are bio-gasoline, biogas and water. The feedstock being used is palm oil. However, Neste Oils NExBTL can also use rapeseed oil and waste animal fat from food industry. This make the technology becomes more flexible due to availability of feedstocks in the future. Neste Oil also has an intensive research on new materials for future needs. In Europe, the renewable diesel is experiencing oversupply and Neste Oil exacerbate their plant at Rotterdam in 2011. The renewable plants also could be exacerbated rising fats and oil prices because of the feedstock demand including in US. Researchers claimed that the global renewable diesel capacity totals about 665 million gallon per year today and this will grow up to 2.5 billion gallon per year in 2015, a 33% annual growth. Below is the summary list of companies that produce green diesel (worldwide): Technology Feedstock Product Commercial Entity Commercial Status Outstanding Commercial Issues Hydrotreating Animal fats or vegetable oils co-processed with petroleum diesel Hydrocarbon mixture- meets ASTM D975 Conoco Philips/ Tyson Ireland refinery producing since Dec. 2006. US announced production of 175 million gals/year expected by 2009 EPA registration Toxicity and biodegradability Hydrocarbon mixture- meets national fuel quality standards in Australia BP Australian refinery producing 5% renewable blend Animal fats/ vegetable oils Hydrocarbon mixture- meets ASTM D975 Neste oil First plant in Finland with capacity of 58 million gals/year The largest plant available in Singapore with production of 0.8 million tons/year Also located in US and Netherlands EPA registration Toxicity and biodegradability Marketplace use Hydrocarbon mixture Petrobras (Brazil, H-Bio Technology) Begin at several refineries since end of 2007 Animal fats Hydrocarbon mixture Dynamic fuels (Syntroleum/Tyson) Commercial pilot started I n 2008 Production start in 2010 Standard development EPA registration Economics Life-cycle analysis Toxicity and biodegradability Vegetable oils UOP Technology Plant constructed in 2009 Production of 95 million gals/year Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) via gasification or Fischer-Trophs Biomass Hydrocarbon mixture JV with Choren/ Daimler-Chrysler/VW Pilot plant opened in 2007 Production 0f 4.7 million gals/year Standard development EPA registration Economics Life-cycle analysis Toxicity and biodegradability Neste Oil/ Stora Enso Pre-commercialization Syntroleum Pyrolysis-Rapid Thermal Processing Biomass, municipal and industrial waste Hydrocarbon mixture In research stage In research stage Standard development EPA registration Economics Life-cycle analysis Toxicity and biodegradability Slaughterhouse waste (animal waste), carbon containing waste Hydrocarbon mixture- meets ASTM D396, can be refined to ASTM D975 Changing World Technologies Commercial pilot plant in Missouri Production of 250 000 gals/moles of slaughterhouse waste Marketplace use Table 1.1(3): Summary list of companies in worldwide that produce green diesel 1.1.4 Emerging Energy Demands for next 10 years Malaysia is currently in the midst of rapid development. One significant sign of rapid development is the increasing trending of energy demands in the future. Not only in Malaysia, the global energy landscape is changing tremendously, but most of it is showing an upward trend. Global energy demands will be about 30 percent higher in 2040 compared to 2010, as economic output more than doubles and prosperity expands across a world whose population will grow by more than 25 percent, reaching to nearly 9 billion people. [1] Global demand for the least carbon-intensive fuels natural gas, nuclear and renewables will rise at a faster-than-average rate. C:UsersDellDesktopDesignfuture trendCapture8.PNG Figure 1.1(3): Global energy demand increases by one-third from 2010 to 2035, with China and India accounting for 50 percent of the growth in the New Policies Scenario [2] In the above graph, the main growth of energy demands more significant in China and Asia due to the increasing population and fast-paced development of the countries. Malaysia falls under the category of Other developing Asia. Similarly it also shows an incline trend due to the rapid development of industrial and economic activities in Malaysia. In order to cope with the high rising of energy, various energy policies and plan were carried out by the government. Go Green is one of the most popular concept practice in the world wide, and the term renewable and sustainable is now related to oil and gas by having renewable diesel (green diesel). Many countries in the world often started on the production of green diesel using various types of technologies such as hydro-treating or thermal depolymerisation. C:UsersDellDesktopCapture.PNG Figure 1.1(4): United State production of petroleum and other liquids by source, 2010-2035 (millions barrels per day) [3] By referring to the graph above, the total production of petroleum and other liquids grows rapidly, from 9.7 million barrels per day in 2010 to 12.1 million barrels per day in 2020. Focusing on renewable sources, prediction shows that the biofuel productions grows by 0.8 million barrels per day from 2010 to 2035 as a result of the EISA2007 RFS (Renewable Fuel Standard Program), with ethanol and biodiesel accounting for 0.7 and 0.1 billion barrels per day, respectively, of the increase in the Reference case. [3] In addition, incline trending of next-generation xTL production (including both biomass-to-liquids and CTL) contributes greatly to the growth in total production of petroleum and other liquids in U.S., especially significant after the year 2020. The significant growth of BTL reflects a good potential in the future market, and yet it is a convincing and promising source of renewable diesel. Not only on the growing capacity of green diesel production giving hopes to mankind, the continuous researches done by scientists also bring upon the increasing quality of green diesel. Before that, economic crisis and technological hurdles delay the start of numerous researches and projects on advanced biofuels, especially on cellulosic biofuel projects. However in the futures, it is expected that, EPA (Environment Protection Agency) will year-to-year evaluate the status of biofuel capacity and also revise on the production mandates for the following year. By the continuous efforts from researchers, it is foresee that BTL will reach the EISA2007 Renewable Fuel Standard after 2030. This providing a better quality or standard of green diesel produced. C:UsersDellDesktopCapture2.PNG Figure 1.1(5): EISA2007 Renewable Fuel Standard credits earned in selected years, 2010-2035 (billion credits) [3] However in Malaysia, a sad scenario is that the production of green diesel still in an infant stage. Researches and developments in experimental scales had been carried out so far, but still the production in large industrial scale is still underdeveloped. By taking reference of the forecast on oil and gas field in U.S., rough estimation on the future hope of green diesel production in Malaysia for the next 10 years can be done. The potential of green diesel in the future 10 years of view in Malaysia is consider as a bright one, and to be believed that it will slowly increasing in demands over the next 10 years. Green diesel production in Malaysia is what we are looking for in the future. Scientists and fuel specialists optimistically believe that green or renewable diesel will be one of the future trends in oil and gas production, not only in Malaysia but also in the nationwide. 1.2 PROCESS ALTERNATIVE Green diesel is being highly looked up to as one of the great hope, with its similar chemical properties similar to diesel. New ways and technologies for improvement in green diesel production are improved as time go by. Of these, three processes of green diesel production will be suggested and discussed from different aspects. 1.2.1 Production of green diesel via biomass to liquid technology and Fisher-Tropsch Process One of the alternative processes is to produce green diesel is by using Fischer-Tropsch process. It is basically a patent to produce liquid hydrocarbons from mixture of syngas, carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen using metal and cobalt catalysts. The liquid hydrocarbon mentioned here is referred to the paraffin. Normally right before the Fischer-Tropsch process is a series of gasification process of feedstock, to convert the biomass into the biogas that can be utilized to become liquid hydrocarbons, the green diesel. Let us take a look at the gasification of biomass to syngas. The biomass may undergo low temperature gasification (800 1000  °C) to produce product gas which later on converted to bio-syngas through reforming and tar cracking steps. On the other hand, the product gas (CO, H2, CH4, CxHy) may be used to generate electricity. When the organic material inside the biomass burned, it may undergo complete combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water, or it may undergo partial combustion to carbon monoxide and hydrogen. What we need for the feeds of the Fischer-Tropsch process is the carbon monoxide and hydrogen and it can be achieved by control the amount of oxygen during combustion process (gasification). Several reactions are used to control the H2/CO ratio. Most important one is water gas shift reactions, in which the water is reacted with carbon monoxide to produce sources of hydrogen that needed in the Fischer-Tropsch process. The chemical reaction of the Fischer-Tropsch process i s shown as below: http://www.fischer-tropsch.org/primary_documents/presentations/acs2001_chicago/slide03.gif Figure 1.2(1): Fischer-Tropsch Process [1] For the Fischer-Tropsch Reaction, it is normally operated with temperature range of 150 300 °C. Higher temperature will have high rate of conversion but also lead to the production of methane. Thus, the temperature is always maintained at low to middle temperature in order to remain yield of the green diesel. On the other hand, the pressure of the process is ranging from one to several tens atmospheric pressure. Higher pressure will help the reaction faster but also required more costs of operations such as high pressure equipment. We also need to know that too high pressure also can cause the metal or cobalt catalysts that used in the reaction to deactivate due to coke formation. A variety of catalysts can be used for the process such as iron, ruthenium and cobalt, depending on the aims of the operations. Figure 1.2(2): A simple concept on Fischer-Tropsch Reaction Green Chemistry and Sustainability In term of green chemistry, the use of renewable feedstock such as biomass is a sustainable way to overcome the depletion of crude oil. Biomass can be easily obtained from animal fats, agricultural wastes, soybean, woods, etc. The green diesel produced is ultralow sulfur content and the properties of the green diesel produced is very chemically similar with petrodiesel but better than it. The emission of the hazardous pollutant such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide is also 60-70% lesser. Besides that, the product off-gas produced from the process can be used in two ways; 1) addition recovery process to recover the chemicals from the byproducts and export them to other company, or 2) generate electricity which is sufficient to supply for some operations in within the plants. Environmental Impact Fischer-Tropsch process basically produces ultra clean green diesel which help in reduce the environmental issue such as global warming, greenhouse effect by reduce the emission of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide. It seems to be a great potential of alternatives to the non-renewable energy resources, the crude oil. The side products here are actually light products and also heavy products like waxes which also have high market demand and can be exported out along with the green diesel. Flexibility of Operation The production line is actually not only produce green diesel but also heavy products like waxes and also gasoline. By adjusting the operation condition, we may adjust the need to favor the production of desired products There are two favored reactor types which can be chosen depends on the operator; Multitubular fixed bed reactor with internal cooling and also slurry bubble column reactor with internal cooling tubes. The process not only limited to the oil as feedstock but also may use the renewable feedstock such as biomass and animal fats. Energy Consumption The energy consumption of this technology is mostly depends on the gasification process whereby it consumed 60-70% of the energy of the whole plant. For high temperature mode (HTFT), the operating temperature is between 300 and 350 °C while operating pressure can be ranging from one to several tens of atmospheric pressure. On the other hand, for low temperature mode (LTFT), the operating temperature is between 200 and 240  °C with operating pressure of 1 to 10atm. Advantages No nitrogenous, sulfur compounds formed during the reaction High cetane number can be obtained (75 90% higher than that required for petrochemical derived diesel fuel) Carbon neutral process Products off-gas can be used to generate electricity which enough for the operation of the plant. Disadvantages FT process is very complex in its reaction mechanism and several studies need to be carry out to maximize the productivity of green diesel from the process Large number of species involved in the reaction and extra care is needed in the plant design The present catalyst is not good enough to maximize the yield of the green diesel Extra process needed to convert the waxes formed from the FT process into green diesel (which mean extra cost!) The cost of green diesel produced from the process may be more expensive than the diesel produced from the crude oil Table 1.2 (1): Key Components of Fischer-Tropsch Reaction 1.2.2 Production of green diesel via Thermal Depolymerisation Process Thermal depolymerisation (TDP) is an industrial process that able to break down and convert various type of biomass or other carbon-containing material into a bio-oil product that is then refined into a petrodiesel-like fuel. Thermal depolymerisation involves a depolymerisation process using hydrous pyrolysis for the reduction of complex organic materials (usually waste products of various sorts, often biomass and plastic) into light crude oil. The process is found to be similar to the natural geological processes thought to be involved in the production of fossil fuels. Long chain polymers of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon decompose into short-chain petroleum hydrocarbons with a maximum length of around 18 carbons under the application of heat and pressure. [1] The list of TDP suitable feedstocks are extensive and flexible, including waste plastic, tires, wood pulp, medical waste, and rather unsavoury byproducts such as turkey offal and sewerage sludge. Changing World Technologies (CWT) are currently utilizing this method to process slaughterhouse waste and other carbon containing solid waste to create a fuel that can meet the standards of both ASTM D396 and ASTM D975. [2] c:usersdelldesktopdesigntdtcp.gif Figure 1.2(3): Thermal depolymerisation process to produce renewable diesel. In the method used by CWT, the water improves the heating process and contributes hydrogen to the reactions. The feedstock material is first break down into small chunks, and mixed with water (if it is dry). Then it is fed into a pressure vessel reaction chamber, heated to around 250  °C at constant volume (similar principal to a pressure cooker). Steam naturally raises the pressure to 4 MPa (near the point of saturated water) and is held for approximately 15 minutes to heat the mixture completely. After this, the pressure is rapidly released to flash off most of the water content in the feedstock, resulting a mixture of crude hydrocarbons and solid minerals. The minerals are later removed, and the hydrocarbons are channel to a second-stage reactor to heat up to 500  °C in order to further breaking down the longer hydrocarbon chains. The hydrocarbons are then sorted by fractional distillation, in a process similar to conventional oil refining. CWT claims that 15 to 20% of feedstock energy is used to provide energy for the plant. The remaining energy is available in the converted product. Working with turkey offal as the feedstock, the process proved to have yield efficiencies of approximately 85%; in other words, the energy contained in the end products of the process is 85% of the energy contained in the inputs to the process (most notably the energy content of the feedstock, but also including electricity for pumps and natural gas or woodgas for heating). The process breaks down almost all materials that are fed into it. TDP even efficiently breaks down many types of hazardous materials, such as poisons and difficult-to-destroy biological agents such as prions. The light hydrocarbons that are produced by TDP can be used fuel sources, filters and fertilizers. It can be used a s a substitute for coal and also in quelling the alarming rise of carbon dioxide concentration in the air. CO2 is one of the chief greenhouse gases that are responsible for global warming. Green Chemistry and Sustainability The best part of using thermal depolymerisation (TDP) is that, it can break down substances such as plastic which takes long time to decompose. By using TDP, renewable diesel can be produce from plastic, not only save up waste to be buried, but also getting useful green diesel out of unwanted waste. Methane in the feedstock is recovered and burned to heat the water, or burned in a combined heat and power plant to sell back electricity to the power grid Environmental Impact Emission of foul odors and unpleasant smell to the surrounding area of operating factory, causing nausea and uncomfortable feeling to resident nearby Flexibility of Operation Extensive and flexible choice of feedstocks (waste plastic, tires, wood pulp, medical waste, and unsavory byproducts such as turkey offal and sewerage sludge) Energy Consumption Require high energy consumption. High energy input requirements to produce green diesel made it not favorable among industry. Safety Factor and Waste Management Methane gas produce can be treated by burning to heat up water to produce electricity. The process not only cleans up wastes but also generate new sources of energy. Advantages Able to break down strong chemical bonds of organic poison, making huge benefits to ecosystem balance. Safely deal on heavy metals by converting them into stable oxides of their original ionized forms. Recycling the energy content of organic products while retaining the water content. (avoid drying while producing liquid fuel that separates from water in thermal depolymerisation, energy saving). The vast bulk of waste content can be utilized to produce green diesel. Not only make good use of all the non-bio-degradable waste but also help in producing useful oil. [3] The light hydrocarbons produced can be used fuel sources, filters and fertilizers. Disadvantages Only long molecular chains compound can be broken into shorter ones, so small molecules such as carbon dioxide or methane cannot be converted to oil If taking biomass as the feedstock, most of the biomass is already being used as animal feed or fertilizers and so are not really available in plenty for TDP High processing costs, low yield, impurity of yield, high energy input requirements making the process not feasible and viable for large scale production. Table 1.2(2): Key Components of Thermal Depolymerisation Reaction 1.2.3 Production of green diesel via Hydrotreating Process Production of renewable energy is expanding at rapid pace worldwide. This phenomenon gives increasing petroleum prices, government regulation and commitment in reducing greenhouse gases. In future, renewable dependent could be increasing as a new technology in producing high quality of renewable energy was invented. These new renewable diesel should be compatible to substitute conventional diesel for transportation. One of the available production processes of green diesel is hydrotreating

The Right Reaction to Affirmative Action Essay -- Inequality Equality

The Right Reaction to Affirmative Action As much as we would like to forget it, racial and gender disparity has been a part of our history since America was young. Racial disparity is still very evident in American society today as illustrated by continued racial discrimination and remaining signs of societal segregation. One of the key issues that arise when regarding affirmative action is whether or not affirmative action fairly promotes equality and atones for past prejudices. Another concern is whether the current affirmative action policy is the right policy to use. Through the discussion of empirical claims, moral claims, public opinion, international statistics, and the history involved in affirmative action, we have decided that the best position for our candidate is pro-affirmative action with some restrictions. The debate on affirmative action exists because the concerns it deals with impact a vast amount of people, and the effectiveness of affirmative action is constantly questioned. It is a very divisive issue because affirmative action affects different groups of people in different ways, and some benefit more from affirmative action than others. In addition, it causes people to be classified into groups, and at the same time, strives to break down group barriers. It is an issue that is difficult to resolve because people have varied ideas about how the problems of racial inequality and historical discrimination should be addressed. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to make sure that hiring practices were made without racial discrimination. Following this order in 1965 Lyndon B. Johnson stated: the executive order requires government contract... ...y 2003. http://www.aacte.org/Membership_Governance/affirmativeactionstmt.pdf {secondary scholarly; print via internet} (not used for evidence) Unemployment rates. 2004. Public Agenda. <http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/factfiles_detail.cfm?issue_type=race&list =9>. {secondary scholarly; print via internet; reputable} Wilson, Pete. "Proposition 209 and the affirmative action debate on the University of California campuses." Feminist Studies 25 (n.d.)1999 <http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=37&did=000000042121378&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1082526756&clientId=9269>. {primary scholarly; print via internet; authoritative} Williams, Walter. Affirmative Action Can't Be Mended. 15 Dec. 1997. CATO Institute. <http://www.cato.org/dailys/12-15-97.html>. {popular news; internet publication; apparently credible} The Right Reaction to Affirmative Action Essay -- Inequality Equality The Right Reaction to Affirmative Action As much as we would like to forget it, racial and gender disparity has been a part of our history since America was young. Racial disparity is still very evident in American society today as illustrated by continued racial discrimination and remaining signs of societal segregation. One of the key issues that arise when regarding affirmative action is whether or not affirmative action fairly promotes equality and atones for past prejudices. Another concern is whether the current affirmative action policy is the right policy to use. Through the discussion of empirical claims, moral claims, public opinion, international statistics, and the history involved in affirmative action, we have decided that the best position for our candidate is pro-affirmative action with some restrictions. The debate on affirmative action exists because the concerns it deals with impact a vast amount of people, and the effectiveness of affirmative action is constantly questioned. It is a very divisive issue because affirmative action affects different groups of people in different ways, and some benefit more from affirmative action than others. In addition, it causes people to be classified into groups, and at the same time, strives to break down group barriers. It is an issue that is difficult to resolve because people have varied ideas about how the problems of racial inequality and historical discrimination should be addressed. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy created the Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity to make sure that hiring practices were made without racial discrimination. Following this order in 1965 Lyndon B. Johnson stated: the executive order requires government contract... ...y 2003. http://www.aacte.org/Membership_Governance/affirmativeactionstmt.pdf {secondary scholarly; print via internet} (not used for evidence) Unemployment rates. 2004. Public Agenda. <http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/factfiles_detail.cfm?issue_type=race&list =9>. {secondary scholarly; print via internet; reputable} Wilson, Pete. "Proposition 209 and the affirmative action debate on the University of California campuses." Feminist Studies 25 (n.d.)1999 <http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=37&did=000000042121378&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1082526756&clientId=9269>. {primary scholarly; print via internet; authoritative} Williams, Walter. Affirmative Action Can't Be Mended. 15 Dec. 1997. CATO Institute. <http://www.cato.org/dailys/12-15-97.html>. {popular news; internet publication; apparently credible}

Ben & Jerrys Ice Cream :: essays research papers

Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream was founded on the corporate concept of linked prosperity, interrelating a three-part mission statement to focus their company’s growth. Their mission statement, which covers their product, economic and social goals, focuses both the leadership and the workforce on their key values. These values include staying in touch with the customer base, using quality ingredients, maintaining profitability and maintaining social awareness and accountability.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the history of the company, its owners, Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield, have interacted with their customers, gaining knowledge on what people like and dislike about their ice cream. Opening their store in Burlington, Vermont in 1978, they immediately began interfacing with the local populace by hosting a free summer movie festival, projecting movies on the wall of their renovated gas station. In 1985, they introduced New York Super Fudge Chunk ®, a flavor suggested by a writer from New York City. Throughout the years, they have continued to introduce new flavors either suggested or inspired by either regular individuals or well-known celebrities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ben and Jerry launched their â€Å"Cowmobile†, a modified mobile home used to distribute free scoops of ice cream in a unique cross-country marketing drive. Unfortunately, the vehicle burned to the ground outside Cleveland, but everyone escaped unharmed. Ben said it looked like â€Å"the world’s largest baked Alaska.† Undaunted they resurrected the idea the following year with â€Å"Cow II†, once again going cross country giving away free scoops. That same year, at the suggestion of two â€Å"DeadHeads’ from Portland Maine, Ben and Jerry introduced the first ice cream named for a rock legend, Cherry Garcia. In 1988 they introduced Chunky Monkey at the request of a college student in New Hampshire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Staying in touch with their customers would not enable Ben and Jerry to be as successful as they have become if their ice cream was not high quality as well. The second value the company espouses is to use only wholesome, natural ingredients. They began their operation on this premise, utilizing fresh Vermont milk and cream to create their frozen concoctions. During a period of volatility in the dairy market in 1991, the company went so far as to pay a dairy premium totaling a half million dollars to combat Vermont dairy farmers’ losses. This helped protect the family farmers who supplied the milk for Ben and Jerry’s ice cream. The combination of good product and good marketing over the years has enabled Ben and Jerry’s to increase sales and maintain profitability year after year.

Hades vs. Demons :: Ancient Greece Greek History

Hades vs. Demons Greek Mythology and Religion Mythology is the study and explanation of myth of a particular culture. Myth, is a cultural phenomenon that can have many different point of views. Mythology and religion in the past still influence today. It is difficult to imagine that ancient myth and history has had a tremendous impact not only in today's culture but also in lifestyle and religious beliefs. To some extend, people rather believe that there is no consequence in your sins in the afterlife. Mythic stories, for example, show how the world began, how humans and animals were created, and how certain manners, and specific human activities originated. Ancient Greek religion has been the main stream of investigation and research from classic times to the modern day. In Greek mythology, Hades, also known as Pluto, is the god and ruler of the underworld, which is the kingdom of the dead. He is an egotistic god, who is greatly concerned with expanding his society. Often Hades is severely cautious and selective on permitting any of his people to leave. It's unquestionable that even the commander of the underworld had fallen in love with Persephone. Although the relationship between Hades and Persephone appears to have established badly, their union was peaceful. For most, life in the underworld was not enjoyable. It's more like a tormented and miserable dream, full of shadows, without sunlight or hope, a joyless place where the dead slowly fade into nonexistence. It's a realm not only for the sinners but also for the saints. When we speak of demons we immediatelymagine of a red evil spirit with an extended pointy tail. But many of us ask ourselves, Demons? Where and how did demons come about? The word demon is derived from the Greek daimon, which in ancient times signified various kinds of spirits or semi-gods, which particularly weren't evil. The term "demons" was not always understood to have the absolutely negative indication that it does today. Our current use of the term "Demon" is a malignant spirit, which usually from the New Testament. However there is still great indecision as to whether or not demons are considered to be distinct and separate from the devil and his fallen angels. It is mentioned in the New Testament, chapter 5, verse 12, by Josepheus a method of exorcism which is prescribed by Solomon. "Prevailed or succeeded greatly among them down to the present time" .

Starbucks Going Global

â€Å"Starbucks – Going Global Fast. † I. Saturation of Home market and existence of Foreign Untapped markets Starbucks is a well respected brand of coffee that is known globally. As they dominate the market in United States, they have realized the potential growth in overseas markets and open its doors to going global. However, competing internationally is not easy for every company that’s why Starbucks has encountered certain challenges and issues as it enters foreign markets and grows globally. II. Problems Major Problems: Employee DiscontentEmployee discontent is very far from the image that Starbucks obtains or would like to uphold. Dissatisfied employees could greatly affect the service that they provide to the customers. The company is focused on enthusiastic, happy baristas and friendly service. If employee morale dropped it could have an extremely negative effect on Starbucks’ image and sales as well. As stated in the case, 470 California stores s ued Starbucks for refusing to pay legally mandated overtime pay. This is due to overworked and underappreciated workers. The salary Starbucks provide doesn’t match the workload that is required by the company.The employees, especially the store managers feel exhausted and employee morale goes down. The employees are feeling less connected with the company mission and it affects the quality of service and products that they provide. Local challenges in Foreign Market Entry The influence of economic and political environment to its entry and operation in foreign countries is one of the challenges it faces. As Starbucks continue to open up stores in foreign markets, it also faces different challenges as local imitators try to steal market share.In Japan, they expect loss for the full year. Aside from local competitors offering products with the same price, the economic depression in Japan affected the customer’s income and buying behaviour. As a result the company is losi ng rather than gaining profit due to coffee pricing. In addition to political environment, Starbucks need to adapt into France’s regulations and generous labour benefits which is legal and compulsory for them to enter the market. Another problem is the entry to foreign markets that has strong local coffee culture.The company is still in its stage of assessing the right strategy to enter markets like Italy. Since it is struggling on its food and non food items, the competition in this market will be difficult due to the existence of anti-globalization movement and strong national responsiveness of local consumers to its own products. Minor Problems: Specified Target Audience Starbucks used the â€Å"Youth appeal† as a strategy to enter foreign markets and gained success, but in the home market attracting the next generation of customers seems to be an issue.The result of the market study made the company aware about the image that it has with its target customers. Young er coffee drinkers can’t afford to buy coffee at Starbucks or the reason they go there is not mainly because of coffee or its products but their peers working. The value associated with brand at some point doesn’t convince the young people in embracing the brand itself. It depicts a pretentious environment for social climbers or yuppies. Aside from trying to reach a specific target market, the company eventually ended up in different markets as it grows rapidly.Venture to Food and Non food items To keep up with competition and increase sales, Starbucks should not solely rely on coffee as its main product but other products they can take advantage of as well. As Starbucks wants to continually increase sales, it started offering food and other non food items to sell inside their stores during the late 90’s but it seems to be a challenge because it still struggles in this area. The company started offering sandwiches and desserts, CD’s and packaged coffees b ut growth rate doesn’t seem to rise.The company still has to work on the right approach as it continues to improve in this area. III. Solutions: A. Employee Discontent Employees are very important in the success of any company. They are considered as the first customer in every business. Satisfying employee needs is essential so that the company can achieve its goals and deliver proper service. Starbucks needs to be sensitive to their employee needs. They must equally match the compensation to the workload of the employees. Since the company is also going global, there are challenges in human resource that they need to focus on.They have to be aware of the employees’ local culture and needs to satisfy them. They should also conduct a survey internally to be aware about the employees’ needs, wants and feelings towards the company. This will help them properly design employee compensation and benefits. There will be adaptation towards the company’s approach in managing employees in overseas branches. They should take into consideration the legal environment of each local branch so that they can address specific needs and concerns as they manage the business across different cultures.Happy and satisfied employees will result to quality in service and products. B. Local Challenges in Foreign Market Entry Starbucks should conduct marketing research and environmental scanning as it enters foreign markets. They have to take into account the importance of economic and political environment and how it can greatly influence the operation of its business. They should be aware of the economic situation of the market and assess how it can affect the purchasing power of the market. They must be aware of the legal factors that would affect the way it operates its business overseas.They should also conduct a different marketing strategy for different markets since one strategy in one market will not guarantee the success in another. There will be a daptation in marketing approach and local operations to cope up with the foreign market’s needs and external environment. C. Specific Target Audience Since the company intended to reach a specific target market, it ended up catering to different markets as it grows rapidly. As they continually use the â€Å"Youth Appeal† because it gained success as they enter foreign markets, it cannot still be considered as a global strategy to enter the market to other countries.Starbucks should make a study about coffee culture before it enters the market and formulate a strategy that would simply meet the demands of the potential market. They should carefully position the brand in accordance to what they want the market to perceive. As with the case of Starbucks to its home market, the brand was associated with being pretentious. They should associate positive and sophisticated value with the brand. D. Venture to Food and Non Food Items Limitation to product choices restricted the business growth of Starbucks and there is a tendency that customers might get bored and switch to other others.As Starbucks is going abroad they should not focus only to their core products but also find ways on how to improve the quality of their coffee, the services and their environment. This will be very helpful especially if they want to capture the market in France and Italy. They can also venture into bringing some new products especially food and non food items to its menu that would help fulfil the current and local demand of the market. IV. Recommendations A. Employee Discontent * Employee Survey Starbucks needs to conduct an internal employee survey to know the needs of their employees and what makes them content.They should also initiate personality test to all employees especially with their branches abroad. This may be costly but if the results will be interpreted in the right way then the company could address the needs of the employees. This will also help them mana ge human resource despite the difference in culture and will help them appropriately design compensation and benefits to the employees. * Corporate Communication of Company Vision and Mission Since the employees feel less connected with company mission, Starbucks should promote awareness within the employees about the company’s Vision and Mission.This will make the value the corporate values set by the company. The importance of achieving the company Vision as it delivers quality service and product. This will make them brand hearted and will have this sense of connection with the mission of the company. B. Local challenges to Foreign Market Entry * In-depth Marketing Research and Environmental Scanning The company should be knowledgeable to all the factors in Macro and Micro Environment that could affect, influence and help them in their business operations. The company should always be updated with the data so that they could be prepared with the changes that may happen. Do mestically designed Marketing Mix To avoid the errors to Ethnocentrism, the company should adapt to local cultures and needs of their foreign market. They should be able to use the approach as they communicate with their customers while implementing their market strategies. As for the case in France and Italy, the company should also create products that would suite the local taste of the market and recognize the market’s own unique culture. C. Specified Target Audience * Marketing Research Starbucks should be able to properly address the demands of the local market they have in various countries.The company should not only focus one approach as it enters foreign markets. In some countries, â€Å"Youth appeal† worked, but in other countries the target market of Starbucks are adults. They have to sensitive with the target market that they serve in every country because for some Starbucks is unaffordable and pretentious. They should know more about what attracts the loca l market, purchasing power, buying behaviour. In other countries, pricing is not a barrier but they are more on value, ambience and status. Others are more on practicality and benefits. D.Venture to Food and Non Food Items * Adaptation to local culture, demands and tastes Starbucks should introduce new products either food or non food items that would cater to the local demands of the market. They should blend with the local taste of the market. They could also recognize the culture of the market and include it on its menu. One example is in Italy, they could launch one product like a local espresso as part of the menu so that local customers would feel that it’s not just an American coffee, Starbucks are also sensitive to their local taste.

Back for Christmas Essay

Interpretation The story â€Å"Back for Christmas† was written by a highly skilled modern English writer John Collier (3 May 1901 – 6 April 1980). His stories may be broadly classified as fantasies, but are really sui generis. They feature an acerbic wit and are usually ironic or dark in tone. His distinction is a grotesque with a twist in the end. This author can stands a picture vivid before the eyes of the reader. The title of the story under analysis is short but it excites many associations. On the one hand the text can be connected with a beautiful family holiday, but on the other hand the title sounds mysterious – why BACK for Christmas; in this case anyhow the word â€Å"Christmas† itself already presupposes the idea of cold winter or something bad. The text under the analysis belongs to the psychological type as it is concerned mainly with the mental and emotional lives of the characters. It makes me think of the described problem not once. The subject-matter of the story is a cold-blooded murder committed by a provincial doctor who ironically fails to get rid of his bossy wife. The author tries to show the reader different approaches of men and women to the idea of life. The story describes a difficult period in the relations between husband and wife. The problem, which is touched upon in the text, is the dominance of one of the spouses in the family. The author creates a well-plotted story which is true to life and a realistic representation of spouses’ relations. Compositionally the text falls into the following parts: exposition, narration, denouement, climax, ending. Exposition is revealed that Doctor Carpenter is invited to deliver a course of lectures in the US. At their farewell party Mrs.Carpenter promises the guests to bring her husband back for Christmas ignoring his slight doubt about that. The author makes it quite clear that Hermione Carpenter has always been exceedingly responsible for all arrangements in her husband’s life and career as well as the trip. Narration describes the murder carefully executed by the Doctor, who preten ds to have found a gold chain in the drain, which he uses as a decoy. After hitting his wife with a lead pipe and making sure she is dead, he goes on to dispose of the body. Denouement takes place when the first obstacle to the Doctor’s plan arises when he finds out that the water has already been turned off by  Mrs. Carpenter, which causes him to go to the cellar. Then there is a knock on the door, which scares him and brings about despair in the success of the affair. But receiving no response, the neighbours decide to come by later and leave. Climax is when Mr. Carpenter’s endeavours to hide the body in the hole dug beforehand in the cellar, which his wife believed to be a preparation for a new wine bin. The story ends with the Doctor arriving in America to find a letter waiting for him, which turns out to be a receipt for repairs of the wine bin and will inevitably lead to the discovery of his wife’s body. The idea of the text can be formulated like this to show the dominance of one of the spouses and what it can lead. In my opinion this theme is actual, but a little exaggerated. The story is presented from the point of view of a first-person observer. The author presents the characters directly and indirectly. The main character is Doctor Carpenter. According to direct method of characterization we learn that he was a clever, but very strange; it seems to me he is very secretive, and as we see further he is very cruel. The flat character of the story is doctor’s wife – Mrs. Carpenter. She plas dominating role in the family, she is very good housewife, carrying and coherent. She keeps always everything in perfect way. I feel most sympathy for her. The text â€Å"Back for Christmas† is written in a style of fiction. In the beginning of the text we can see the Carpenters; living room that was filled with the close friends who had come to say  «last-minute farewell » – the author used this epithet to show us that their friends would be missing him very much. On the contrary with his wife doctor Carpenter wasn’t sure he would come in time, he thought something could spoil his plans. But his wife à ‚ «beaming at them » said he would be back in England for Christmas. The metaphor is used to reassure everybody to make them believe in this. So, the farewells began. Mrs. Carpenter tried her best to make all the arrangements on the high level and to prove it the author used such epithet as:  «fluting of compliments » and  «marvelous arrangements ». Carpenters were going to drive to Southampton that evening and would embark the following day. They have chosen this kind of transport for more comfortable travelling without any bustle; and to emphasize it the author the used the repetition â€Å"No trains, no bustle, no last minute worries†. So doctor Carpenter has contracted for lecture only three months and certainly he would be a great success in America. His wife Hermione has just tagged a  long him to have some entertainments to see the big cities skyscrapers. Then the author uses repetitions  «No extensions. No wonderful post » that show us that his infirmary needs him. After the farewell dinner the maids washed up all the plat es, come in to say goodbye and were in time to catch the afternoon bus to Devizes. The given story produced a great impression on me. It is full of ironical and sad moments.

Drama Performance

Elements belonging to personal stories enable audiences to gain wider insights and respective into stories. Ann Frank is a character who is quite lovable; Frank is a typical teenage girl the responder perceives Frank as a positive persona for the situation she is in. Although Frank is growing up in a corrupting society she is still talking about stereotypical teenage conversation such as boys and fighting with siblings. Despite her situation Frank gets on with her life â€Å"l live in a crazy time†, Ann Frank shows naivety and needs to be protected this manipulates the audience to empathic her suffering.Her Diary entries are typical of a thirteen year old such as gossip about school friends and Jokes. Frank is in a terrible situation during WI and the holocaust, Franks positive view intrigues the audience into loving her character. The responder gets an insight into the frightening atmosphere the Frank family endured through Anne Franks use of first person and detail. Ann Fran ks story is a voice for those who were harmed because of their ethnicity, race or color. The Diary of a Young Girl by Ann Frank reveals the racial segregation Jewish people faced during the Holocaust in the sass's and sass's.HOC Online Recommendations tort Critical Important questions to ask yourself: Do I enjoy research? Analysis: Ђ Do I have access to enough resources? Do I have areas I wish to explore that are within the perimeters or the research criteria? Do I have a clear area of focus within my set topic? Will I be able to make solid conclusions from the materials I research and the topic I have chosen? Do I have the time to do this task adequately? Do I have a solid knowledge of language and clarity in my ideas and expression? Ђ Do I have access to a computer where I can edit, type and amass my ideas and eventually present them in the correct format? Unique: The Applied Research Project gives you the opportunity to frame your own specific rear of study within a topic of interest to you. It gives you the further opportunity to approach it using any sources or resources at your disposal and to conduct research t your pace. Furthermore, because it is a constant work in progress you do not nave the pressure of performing and being assessed on the ‘day but being able to present your months of work in submitted form and thus all your process can be evidenced.Skills: The ability to synthesis information The ability to communicate ideas The ability to make assumptions and assertions from well-rounded sources and evidence An ability to use language concisely and appropriately Good analytical skills HOC Online Recommendations for Performance Individual Project Christmas holidays plus Year 12 term one: Begin performance practice, before an audience, with a short dramatic work. This may be the piece you are presenting for the HOC or something else. Year 12 term two: decide on your piece and perform it within the set time, remembering you will be stop ped if you go overtime.Year 12 Term 3: Polish your piece and make it performance ready. Checkpoints: Do I understand the requirements of the project? Ђ Do I know the type of performance I want to present? Have I looked through a large number of scripts? Is the text I'm studying being studied by me in any other part of the HOC? (You cannot perform a play you are studying anywhere else in the HOC) Have I performed for an audience? Have I checked the timing of my performance? Have I organized my costume and props? Does my performance display strong characterization? Coherent? Do I know my lines?Tips (10): see plenty of performances get some performance practice read past exam reports don't forget it is a performance and not Just a speech Ђ use minimal props don't rush your performance Is my performance know how to use your ensure you have an appropriate relationship with the audience heavily on recorded sound know your lines don't rely know your performance space and use it wel l A list of pitfalls: Students fall into these traps: thinking they have plenty of time and failing to complete the performance project not knowing the lines not working with an audience during the development of the performance. Leaving all your performance until the last moment relying too heavily on props, costume or sound during the performance. Ђ going overtime going undermine Generating ideas Brainstorm Possible themes, situations, characters, settings, performance styles and other material that interests the student. Select Students should select material which interests them and has possibilities. Research Collect newspaper and magazine articles, samples of scripts, extracts from plays, poems, monologues, short stories, pictures, song lyrics, letters, scenarios or advertisements.Trial Trial some of the material by reading, dramatist's and improvising dialogue, movement and theatrical styles. (This could be done with partners). Shape and analyses your material Select, wri te, redraft, adapt and edit while focusing on the idea of a one-person performance. At this point a concept should begin to emerge from the material. The performance at this stage may be a work in progress which will eventually evolve into a full performance. Staging the material Consider the material in terms tot a whole integrated theatrical performance. T n ere needs to be a sense of a beginning, middle and end within the performance. It is not simply an audition piece.The following questions need to be considered: What is engaging about the performance? How can the engaging elements be emphasized? Is it clear what the performance is about? What are the key moments? How do the staging anticlerical techniques heighten these moments? How are setting, mood, situation and character established? Is there enough variety, I. E light and shade ? Does the blocking keep the audience interested? Are there any transitional moments? How do these add to the performance rather than detract from it? How does the character develop within the piece? Is the stage space used effectively, maintaining a clear actor audience relationship?Creating the character Students should have developed reasonable skills and resources for creating and developing a character in the preliminary course. These skills should be used as the basis for character development. The following strategies will help students create a character; Develop a character profile. Analyses the character's motivation and subtext. Exercises in physicality's the character: stance, movement, gestures and facial Develop the character's voice, focusing on key words, expression, expression. Create a sense of the character's development from start to finish. Timing, etc. Incorporate business (attributes and actions) that reflects the character and his or her emotional state. Include essential props and costumes. Ђ Hottest and use other belief building exercises that involve the rest of the class. Adding production elem ents Students need to approach this area with caution. An over reliance on production effects can detract from an effective performance. The rule of thumb is that the focus should always remain on the performer and production effects should be minimal and limited to those essential to the work's meaning (Creative Arts KOLA Handbook. Page 69). Production guidelines Ђ Setting: use only what is required on stage to suggest the setting, or what is actually used by the performer. Costumes: costumes should complement and enhance the character. Remember that performers in dark colors can be lost against a dark background. Ђ Sound: often provides an effective introduction to the mood and location. It may also give a performance a sense of completion or provide a heightened effect to a dramatic moment. Ensure you obtain a good quality recording. Lighting: should be kept simple and not used to solve staging problems. It is usually best to use the lights up at the start and leg lockout during an individual performance. Rehearsing the performance ants down at the end approach . Avoid a The following steps can be used by students to bring the performance to its final stage: Book the performance space early and organize for the technician, partner or teacher to sit in with a stopwatch.